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The purpose of individual difference scaling is to represent objects, whose dissimilarities are given, as points in a metrical space. The distances in the space should be in accordance with the dissimilarities as well as is possible. Besides the configuration a Salience matrix is calculated.
The basic Euclidean model is:
Here δijk is the (known) dissimilarity between objects i and j, as measured on data source k. The x's are the coordinates of the objects in an r-dimensional space and the w's are weights or saliences. Because straight minimization of the expression above is difficult, one applies transformations on this expression. Squaring both sides gives the model:
and the corresponding least squares loss function:
This loss function is minimized in the (ratio scale option of the) ALSCAL program of Takane, Young & de Leeuw (1976).
The transformation used by Carroll & Chang (1970) in the INDSCAL model, transforms the data from each source into scalar products of vectors. For the dissimilarities:
where dots replacing indices indicate averaging over the range of that index. In the same way for the distances:
Translated into matrix algebra, the equation above translates to:
where X is a numberOfPoints × numberOfDimensions configuration matrix, Wk, a non-negative numberOfDimensions × numberOfDimensions matrix with weights, and Bk the kth slab of βijk.
This translates to the following INDSCAL loss function:
f(X, W1,..., WnumberOfSources) = ∑k=1..numberOfSources | Bk – XWkX′ |2 |
© djmw, May 2, 1997