/* manual_tutorials.c
 *
 * Copyright (C) 1992-2003 Paul Boersma
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at
 * your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
 * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 * See the GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
 */

#include "ManPagesM.h"

void manual_tutorials_init (ManPages me);
void manual_tutorials_init (ManPages me) {

MAN_BEGIN ("What's new?", "ppgb", 20030528)
INTRO ("Latest, coming, and requested changes in P\\s{RAAT}.")
NORMAL ("##4.1# (May 28, 2003)")
NORMAL ("##4.0.54# (May 27, 2003)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectrogram painting: allow fixed maximum or autoscaling.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu OT: learning in editor.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.53# (May 21, 2003)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Documented jitter and shimmer measurements.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound editor: constant time step for pitch analysis.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.52# (May 9, 2003)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid & Sound: Extract non-empty intervals.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Optimality-Theoretic learning: more constraints in metrics grammar.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.51# (April 16, 2003)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Much more accurate shimmer measurements.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Ltas: merge.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.50# (April 3, 2003)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu More @Intro.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Editors: Get spectral power at cursor cross.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.49# (March 12, 2003)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Windows 2000 and XP: put preferences files in home directory.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed crashing bug from TextGrid: Extract part.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.48# (March 9, 2003)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @ExperimentMFC: multiple substimuli for discrimination tests.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Formulas: can use variables without quotes.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Printing: hard-coded image interpolation for EPS files and PostScript printers.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Read more NIST files.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: To PointProcess (periodic, peaks)...@")
NORMAL ("##4.0.47# (February 26, 2003)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Editors: @@Intro 3.5. Viewing a spectral slice@.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Windows: corrected multiple selection in lists.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound editor: clearer settings dialogs.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.46# (February 13, 2003)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Scripting: disallowed ambiguous expressions like -3\\^ 2.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.45# (February 7, 2003)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu PSOLA synthesis: reduced buzz in voiceless parts.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @ExperimentMFC: stimulus file path can be relative to directory of experiment file.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.44# (February 6, 2003)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Direct PostScript printing now possible again on Windows 95 and 98.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.43# (February 5, 2003)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed a bug by which WAV files could not be read.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.42# (February 5, 2003)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: Change gender...")
NORMAL ("##4.0.41# (January 15, 2003)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound editor window: added queries for formants higher than the fifth.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.40# (January 3, 2003)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Scripting: removed bug with multiple includes.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.38# (December 18, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Improved manuals.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.37# (December 15, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Scripting: stopped support of things that had been undocumented for the last four years: "
	"#let, #getnumber, #getstring, #ARGS, #copy, #proc, variables with capitals, and strings in numeric variables; "
	"there are messages about how to modify your old scripts.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Improved manual and tutorials.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.36# (December 11, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed a serious scripting bug introduced in 4.0.35.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Scripting 5.7. Including other scripts@.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.35# (December 4, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Rewritten @Intro.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Rewritten @Scripting tutorial.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu New @Formulas tutorial.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu String formulas in the calculator.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Scripting: extractNumber, extractWord\\$ , extractLine\\$ . See @@Formulas 5. String functions@.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.34# (November 19, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Many jitter and shimmer measures in the Sound editor window.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.33# (November 18, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Direct PostScript printing now possible also on Windows 2000 and XP.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed bug that incorrectly genericized some non-ASCII characters.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.31# (November 12, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu OT learning: tutorial for bidirectional learning.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu OT learning: random choice between equally violating candidates.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.30# (October 16, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Made pitch analysis in Sound editor insensitive to infinite window lengths.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu PCA bug removed.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.29# (October 1, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Searches in the @manual are case-insensitive.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Scripting on Windows: removed bugs from the #system command (caused by the CodeWarrior C library).")
NORMAL ("##4.0.28# (September 6, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu More than 99 percent of the source code distributed under the General Public Licence.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.27# (August 30, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Multiple ResultsMFC: ##To Table#, so that the whole experiment can go into a single statistics file.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.24# (July 8, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @ExperimentMFC: goodness judgments.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.23# (June 24, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Scripting and formulas: refer to cells by row or column name, e.g. Table_tokens [i, \"F1\"].")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Scripting: assignment by modification, as with += -= *= /=.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Scripting: date\\$ ().")
NORMAL ("##4.0.22# (June 19, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Corrected serious new bug in Formula (x attribute unknown).")
NORMAL ("##4.0.21# (June 12, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Table: column names as variables.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.20# (June 11, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Table: scatter plot.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.19# (June 4, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu New @Table object for column @statistics: Pearson's %r, Kendall's %\\ta-%b, %t-test.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Formulas: refer to any matrices and tables.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Scripting: possibility for using things like Sound_hello (x) or Table_everything [row, col].")
NORMAL ("##4.0.18# (May 27, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid: shift times, scale times.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Pitch: removed crashing bug from dialogs for drawing.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.17# (May 22, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu PitchTier: shift or multiply frequencies (also in ManipulationEditor).")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectrum: the sign of the Fourier transform has changed, to comply with common use "
	"in technology and physics. Old Spectrum files are converted when read.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.16# (May 12, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Improved manual.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.14# (April 22, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Corrected font bug in Classic Mac version.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.13# (April 17, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Many small corrections.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.12# (April 3, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound editor: formant report.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Dialogs: layout improvements.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.11# (March 25, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Mono recording.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Dialogs improved: range fields and option menus.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Some jitter and shimmer measurements.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.9# (February 22, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Direct PostScript printing on MacOS X.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.8# (February 21, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@T-test@.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.6# (February 7, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Native MacOS X version.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.5# (January 25, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed licensing.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Remember PostScript settings.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.4# (November 30, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectral moments.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.3# (November 27, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TableOfReal: Extract rows where column...")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Correlation: Confidence intervals...")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@SSCP: Get diagonality (bartlett)...")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@LPC: To Matrix")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@CC: To Matrix")
NORMAL ("##4.0.2# (November 12, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Correlation: Confidence intervals...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed bug that caused mean formants in log files to be zero.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.1# (October 25, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TableOfReal: Get correlation....")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid: bug removals in Modify menu (tier insertion and duplication).")
NORMAL ("##4.0# (October 15, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: To Pitch (ac)...@: pitch contour less dependent on time resolution. "
	"This improves the constancy of the contours in the editors when zooming.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.37# (October 4, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Editors: better visible pitch contour.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Editors: Get minimum & maximum pitch; move cursor to min & max pitch.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Special symbols@: h\\a'c\\v^ek.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed a serious bug in TextGrid (Modify menu): Insert tier...")
NORMAL ("##3.9.36# (September 24, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid: tier insertion and deletion in Modify menu.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu ResultsMFC queries.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.34# (August 16, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Intensity: To IntensityTier (peaks, valleys).")
NORMAL ("##3.9.33# (August 4, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed a very old bug with multiple list replacement in the CategoriesEditor.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed a very old bug that caused Praat to crash after interrupting "
	"a \"Deepen band modulation\" in progress.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed a bug that prevented scripts to query analyses in sound windows "
	"immediately after creating the editor.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.32# (August 1, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sounds: Concatenate recoverably. Creates a TextGrid whose interval labels are the original "
	"names of the sounds.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound & TextGrid: Extract all intervals. The reverse of the previous command.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.31# (July 18, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Regular expressions@.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.29# (July 7, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Improved random numbers and other numerical stuff.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Corrected MFCC button bug (since 3.9.25).")
NORMAL ("##3.9.28# (June 8, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @ExperimentMFC: multiple-forced-choice listening experiments.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid and TextGridEditor: additions and improvements.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.27# (May 19, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Log files@.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Formatting in variable substitution, e.g. 'pitch:2' gives two digits after the decimal point.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.26# (May 16, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu More TextGrid queries.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.25# (May 15, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu New: @@Multidimensional scaling@ tutorial.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu New: filterbank analyses, @MelFilter, @BarkFilter and "
	"@FormantFilter, by @@band filtering in the frequency domain@." )
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu A change in the data structure for cepstral coefficients results "
	"in a change in the @MFCC. As a side-effect the ##Cepstrum# class "
	"is now renamed as @LFCC. "
	"In a following version the Cepstrum object will return as the "
	"representation of the %%complex cepstrum%.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.24# (May 14, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu New: cepstrum and more statistics by David Weenink.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Matrix: Get sum.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu PairDistribution: Get percentage correct (maximum likelihood, probability matching).")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu OTGrammar & PairDistribution: Get percentage correct...")
NORMAL ("##3.9.23# (May 6, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Windows: improved text focus in TextGrid editor.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Scripting: added hints about extra spaces in file names to error messages.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Praatcon: protected against calling without a script name.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.22# (April 23, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed a bug that caused Praat to crash when opening a TextGrid window without a Sound.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.21# (April 11, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Added intensity contour to SoundEditor, LongSoundEditor, and TextGridEditor windows.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Improved spectrogram drawing.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.20# (April 4, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Windows: corrected running audio cursor.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.19# (April 2, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Simplified selection and cursor in editor windows.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Replaced Analysis and AnalysisEditor with @Manipulation and @ManipulationEditor.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.18# (March 29, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed a bug that caused editor windows to crash after the Preferences command.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.17# (March 29, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed a bug that caused editor windows to crash for very short sounds.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.16# (March 28, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectrogram, pitch contour, and formant contour available in the SoundEditor, LongSoundEditor, "
	"and TextGridEditor windows, including query commands.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Scripting: corrected failing #choice arguments in #execute directive.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.15# (March 7, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu SoundRecorder on Windows: worked around a Windows bug that caused the Stop button not to work.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.13# (February 14, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Macintosh: support for multiple audio input devices (sound cards).")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Repaired a memory leak in Manipulation-to-Sound.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.12# (January 26, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGridEditor: view spectrogram.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.11# (January 10, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGridEditor: improved scrolling strategy when navigating with Option-arrow.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGridEditor: changed default setting of shift-drag strategy.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.9# (December 11, 2000)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Macintosh: improved screen rendition of rotated text.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.8# (December 7, 2000)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Windows: corrected a small bug in scripts with relative paths to root directories.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.7# (December 6, 2000)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Enabled debugging-at-a-distance.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.6# (November 30, 2000)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Windows: removed a bug that limited \"Spectrum: Draw (log freq)...\".")
NORMAL ("##3.9.5# (November 16, 2000)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Implemented autoscaling in LongSound editor and in TextGrid editor.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Added ##fixed\\$ # to scripting language for formatting of numbers.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Macintosh: removed bug that prevented scripting of picture file saving.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.4# (October 30, 2000)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Defended against drawing zero-width ellipses on PostScript.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Worked around NT bug that prevents filling small circles (formant contour in editor invisible).")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGridEditor: Option-Shift-arrow for extending interval selection.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.3# (October 26, 2000)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Windows: corrected slow running cursor while sound was playing on some NT computers.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.2# (October 25, 2000)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Windows: corrected bug in some non-PostScript HP printers that caused "
	"wrong positioning of spectrograms.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Enabled reading of Praat picture file if window has contents.")
ENTRY ("Praat 3.9, October 18, 2000")
	NORMAL ("Editors:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Shift-click and shift-drag extend or shrink selection in editor windows.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Grouped editors can have separate zooming and scrolling (FunctionEditor preferences).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Cursor follows playing sound in editors; interruption by Escape key moves the cursor.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGridEditor: optimized for transcribing large corpora: text field, directly movable boundaries, "
		"more visible text in tiers, @SpellingChecker, "
		"type while the sound is playing, complete keyboard navigation, control font size, control text alignment, "
		"shift-click near boundary adds interval to selection.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Stereo display in LongSound and TextGrid editors.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu LongSoundEditor and TextGridEditor: write selection to audio file.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu SoundEditor: added command \"Extract selection (preserve times)\".")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu IntervalTierEditor, DurationTierEditor.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Added many query commands in editors.")
	NORMAL ("Phonetics library:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound: To Formant...: sample-rate-independent formant analysis.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound: To Harmonicity (glottal-to-noise excitation ratio).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Pitch: support for ERB units, draw all combinations of line/speckle and linear/logarithmic/semitones/mels/erbs, "
		"optionally with TextGrid, Subtract linear fit.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectrum: Draw along logarithmic frequency axis.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid:  modification commands, Extract part, Shift to zero, Scale times (with Sound or LongSound).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Matrix: To TableOfReal@, Draw contour...")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Concatenate Sound and LongSound objects.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu File formats: save PitchTier in spreadsheet format, read CGN syntax files (XML version), "
		"text files now completely file-server-safe (independent from Windows/Macintosh/Unix line separators).")
	NORMAL ("Statistics and numerics library:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Principal component analysis@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Discriminant analysis@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Polynomial: drawing, @@Roots|root@ finding etc.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@TableOfReal: Draw box plots...@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Covariance: To TableOfReal (random sampling)...@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@SSCP: Get sigma ellipse area...@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Query @DTW for 'weighted distance' of time warp.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Distributions: To Strings (exact)...")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Strings: Randomize.")
	NORMAL ("Phonology library:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu OTGrammar: To PairDistribution.")
	NORMAL ("Graphics:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Full support for colour inkjet printers on Windows and Macintosh.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Full support for high-resolution colour clipboards and metafiles for "
		"Windows and Macintosh programs that support them (this include MS Word "
		"for Windows, but unfortunately not MS Word for Macintosh).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Colour in EPS files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Interpolating grey images, i.e. better zoomed spectrograms.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Linux: support for 24-bits screens.")
	NORMAL ("Audio:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Asynchronous sound play.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Linux: solved problems with /dev/mixer (\"Cannot read MIC gain.\") on many computers.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Added possibility of zero padding for sound playing, "
		"in order to reduce clicks on some Linux and Sun computers.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu LongSound supports mono and stereo, 8-bit and 16-bit, %\\mu-law and A-law, "
		"big-endian and little-endian, AIFC, WAV, NeXT/Sun, and NIST files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu \"Read two Sounds from stereo file...\" supports 8-bit and 16-bit, %\\mu-law and A-law, "
		"big-endian and little-endian, AIFC, WAV, NeXT/Sun, and NIST files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu SoundRecorder writes to 16-bit AIFC, WAV, NeXT/Sun, and NIST mono and stereo files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound & LongSound: write part or whole to mono or stereo audio file.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Read Sound from raw Alaw file.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Artword & Speaker (& Sound) movie: real time on all systems.")
	NORMAL ("Scripting:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Formulas 4. Mathematical functions@: added statistical functions: %\\ci^2, Student T, Fisher F, binomial, "
		"and their inverse functions.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Windows: program #praatcon for use as a Unix-style console application.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Windows and Unix: Praat can be run with a command-line interface without quitting on errors.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Unix & Windows: can use <stdout> as a file name (supports pipes for binary data).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @sendpraat now also for Macintosh.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Scripting 6.7. Sending a message to another program|sendsocket@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Read from file...@ recognizes script files if they begin with \"\\# !\".")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Script links in @ManPages.")
	NORMAL ("Documentation")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Tutorials on all subjects available through @Intro.")
ENTRY ("Praat 3.8, January 12, 1999")
	NORMAL ("Phonetics library")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu New objects: @LongSound (view and label long sound files), with editor; PairDistribution.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @PSOLA manipulation of voiceless intervals, version 2: quality much better now; "
		"target duration is exactly as expected from Duration tier or specified lengthening in @@Sound: Lengthen (PSOLA)...@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Audio: Escape key stops audio playing (on Mac also Command-period).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @SoundRecorder: allows multiple recordings without close; Play button; Write buttons; buffer size can be set.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Reverse a Sound or a selection of a Sound.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: Get nearest zero crossing...@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Formant: \"Scatter plot (reversed axes)...\".")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid & Pitch: \"Speckle separately...\".")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu \"Extract Sound selection (preserve times)\" in TextGridEditor.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu More query commands for Matrix, TableOfReal, Spectrum, PointProcess.")
	NORMAL ("Phonology library")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu 25-page OT learning tutorial.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Made the OT learner 14 times as fast.")
	NORMAL ("Systems")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu May 23: Windows beta version.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu April 24: Windows alpha version.")
	NORMAL ("Files")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Read more Kay, Sun (.au), and WAV sound files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu \"Read Strings from raw text file...\"")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create Strings as file list...@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu \"Read IntervalTier from Xwaves...\"")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu hidden \"Read from old Windows Praat picture file...\"")
	NORMAL ("Graphics")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Use colours (instead of only greys) in \"Paint ellipse...\" etc.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu More true colours (maroon, lime, navy, teal, purple, olive).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Direct printing from Macintosh to PostScript printers.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Hyperpage printing to PostScript printers and PostScript files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Phonetic symbols: raising sign, lowering sign, script g, corner, ligature, pointing finger.")
	NORMAL ("Shell")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu November 4: all dialogs are modeless (which is new for Unix and Mac).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu September 27: @sendpraat for Windows.")
	NORMAL ("Scripting")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu January 7: scriptable editors.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu October 7: file I/O in scripts.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu August 23: script language includes all the important functions for string handling.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu June 24: string variables in scripts.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu June 22: faster look-up of script variables.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu June 22: unlimited number of script variables.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu April 5: suspended chopping of trailing spaces.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu March 29: enabled formulas as arguments to dialogs (also interactive).")
ENTRY ("Praat 3.7, March 24, 1998")
	NORMAL ("Editors:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu In all FunctionEditors: drag to get a selection.")
	NORMAL ("Phonetics library:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Many new query (#Get) commands for @Sound, @Intensity, @Harmonicity, @Pitch, "
		"@Formant, @Ltas, @PitchTier, @IntensityTier, @DurationTier, @FormantTier.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Many new modification commands.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Many new interpolations.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound enhancements: @@Sound: Lengthen (PSOLA)...@, @@Sound: Deepen band modulation...@")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Source-filter synthesis@ tutorial, @@Sound & IntensityTier: Multiply@, "
		"@@Sound & FormantTier: Filter@, @@Formant: Formula (frequencies)...@, @@Sound: Pre-emphasize (in-line)...@.")
	NORMAL ("Labelling")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid queries (#Get times and labels in a script).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@TextGrid: Count labels...@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@PointProcess: To TextGrid (vuv)...@: get voiced/unvoiced information from a point process.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu IntervalTier to TableOfReal: labels become row labels.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextTier to TableOfReal.")
	NORMAL ("Numerics and statistics library")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Multidimensional scaling (Kruskal, INDSCAL, etc).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @TableOfReal: Set value, Formula, Remove column, Insert column, Draw as squares, To Matrix.")
	NORMAL ("Phonology library")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu OT learning: new strategies: weighted symmetric plasticity (uncancelled or all).")
	NORMAL ("Praat shell")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu First Linux version.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Eight new functions like e.g. %hertzToBark in @@Formulas 4. Mathematical functions@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Praat script@: procedure arguments; object names.")
	NORMAL ("Documentation:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu 230 more man pages (now 630).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Hypertext: increased readability of formulas, navigation with keyboard.")
ENTRY ("Praat 3.6, October 27, 1997")
	NORMAL ("Editors:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Intuitive position of B and E buttons on left-handed mice.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @SoundEditor: copy %windowed selection to list of objects.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @SoundEditor: undo Cut, Paste, Zero.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @SpectrumEditor: copy band-filtered spectrum or sound to list of objects.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @ManipulationEditor: LPC-based pitch manipulation.")
	NORMAL ("Objects:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Use '-', and '+' in object names.")
	NORMAL ("Phonetics library")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu LPC-based resynthesis in @ManipulationEditor.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Sound: direct modification without formulas (addition, multiplication, windowing)")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Sound: filtering in spectral domain by formula.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Create a simple @Pitch object from a @PitchTier (for %F__0_) and a @Pitch (for V/U).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Semitones in @PitchTier tables.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @PointProcess: transplant time domain from @Sound.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Much more...")
	NORMAL ("Phonology library")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Computational Optimality Theory. See @@OT learning@.")
	NORMAL ("Hypertext")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu You can use @ManPages files for creating your own tutorials. "
		"These contains buttons for playing and recording sounds, so you can use this for creating "
		"an interactive IPA sound training course.")
	NORMAL ("Scripting:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Programmable @@Praat script@ language: variables, expressions, control structures, "
		"procedures, complete dialog box, exchange of information with Info window, continuation lines.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Use system-independent relative file paths in @@Praat script@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @ScriptEditor: Run selection.")
	NORMAL ("Graphics:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Rotation and scaling while printing the @@Picture window@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Apart from bold and italic, now also bold-italic (see @@Text styles@).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Rounded rectangles.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Conversion of millimetres and world coordinates.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Measurement of text widths (screen and PostScript).")
	NORMAL ("Unix:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Use the @sendpraat program for sending messages to running Praat programs.")
	NORMAL ("Mac:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Praat looks best with the new and beautiful System 8.")
ENTRY ("Praat 3.5, May 27, 1997")
	NORMAL ("New editors:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu #TextGridEditor replaces and extends LabelEditor: edit points as well as intervals.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu #AnalysisEditor replaces and extends PsolaEditor: view pitch, spectrum, formant, and intensity "
		"analyses in a single window, and allow pitch and duration resynthesis by #PSOLA and more (would be undone in 3.9.19).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu #SpectrumEditor allows you to view and edit spectra.")
	NORMAL ("Praat shell:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu ##History mechanism# remembers all the commands that you have chosen, "
		"and allows you to put them into a script.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu #ScriptEditor allows you to edit and run any Praat script, and to put it under a button.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu All added and removed buttons are remembered across sessions.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu #ButtonEditor allows you to make buttons visible or invisible.")
	NORMAL ("Evaluations:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu In his 1996 doctoral thesis, Henning Reetz "
		"compared five pitch analysis routines; @@Sound: To Pitch (ac)...@ appeared to make the fewest errors. "
		"H. Reetz (1996): %%Pitch Perception in Speech: a Time Domain Approach%, Studies in Language and Language Use #26, "
		"IFOTT, Amsterdam (ICG Printing, Dordrecht).")
	NORMAL ("Documentation:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu 140 more man pages (now 330).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Tables and pictures in manual.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Printing the entire manual.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Logo.")
	NORMAL ("New classes:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Labelling & segmentation: #TextGrid, #IntervalTier, #TextTier.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Analysis & manipulation: #Analysis.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Statistics: #TableOfReal, #Distributions, #Transition")
	NORMAL ("File formats:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Read and write rational numbers in text files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Read 8-bit .au sound files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Read and write raw 8-bit two\'s-complement and offset-binary sound files.")
	NORMAL ("Audio:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu 16-bit interactive Sound I/O on Mac.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Record sounds at 9.8 kHz on SGI.")
	NORMAL ("New commands:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Two more pitch-analysis routines.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound to PointProcess: collect all maxima, minima, zero crossings.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu PointProcess: set calculus.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid: extract time-point information.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Compute pitch or formants at given time points.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Put pitch, formants etc. in tables en get statistics.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Many more...")
	NORMAL ("Macintosh:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu 16-bit interactive sound I/O.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Fast and interpolating spectrogram drawing.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Phonetic Mac screen font included in source code (as a fallback to using SIL Doulos IPA).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Keyboard shortcuts, text editor, help under question mark, etc.")
ENTRY ("Praat 3.3, October 6, 1996")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Documentation: hypertext help browser, including the first 190 man pages.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu New editors: class #TextTier for labelling times instead of intervals.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu New actions: #Formant: Viterbi tracker, Statistics menu, Scatter plot.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Evaluation: For HNR analysis of speech, the cross-correlation method, "
		"which has a sensitivity of 60 dB and a typical time resolution of 12 milliseconds, "
		"must be considered better than the autocorrelation method, "
		"which has a better sensitivity (80 dB), but a much worse time resolution (30 ms). "
		"For pitch analysis, the autocorrelation method still beats the cross-correlation method "
		"because of its better resistance against noise and echos, "
		"and despite its marginally poorer resolution (15 vs. 12 ms).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu User preferences are saved across sessions.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu The phonetic X screen font included in the source code.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Xwindows resources included in the source code")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Graphics: eight colours, small caps, text rotation.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu File formats: Sun/NexT mu-law files, raw matrix text files, Xwaves mark files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Accelerations: keyboard shortcuts, faster dynamic menu, Shift-OK keeps file selector on screen.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Class changes: #StylPitch and #MarkTier are now called #PitchTier and #TextTier, respectively. "
		"Old files can still be read.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Script warning: all times in dialogs are in seconds now: milliseconds have gone..")
ENTRY ("Praat 3.2, April 29, 1996")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound I/O for HPUX, Sun Sparc 5, and Sun Sparc LX.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Cross-correlation pitch and HNR analysis.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Facilities for generating tables from scripts.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Editing and playing stylized pitch contours and point processes.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu PSOLA pitch manipulation.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectral smoothing techniques: cepstrum and LPC.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Time-domain pitch analysis with jitter measurement.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Read and write Bell-Labs sound files and Kay CSL audio files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Replaced IpaTimes font by free SILDoulos-IPA font, and embedded phonetic font in PostScript picture.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Completed main phonetic characters.")
ENTRY ("Praat 3.1, December 5, 1995")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Add and remove buttons dynamically.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu DataEditor (Inspect button).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Initialization scripts.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Logarithmic axes.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Call remote ADDA server directly.")
ENTRY ("To do")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu ManipulationEditor: LPC manipulation of duration and intensity.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid & Sound: Extract intervals with margins.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectrum: draw power, re, im, phase.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Formant: To Spectrum (slice)... (combines Formant-to-LPC and LPC-to-Spectrum-slice)")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Read and/or write Matlab files, MBROLA files, Xwaves files, CHAT files.") /* Aix */
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Matrix: draw numbers.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Fractions with \\bsf{a|b}.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu More fonts for manual.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Move objects up and down list.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectrogram cross-correlation.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectral moments (done).") /* Allard Jongman 19990609 JASA 84(1):115 */
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Labels in AIFC file.") /* Theo Veenker 19980323 */
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Improve scrolling and add selection in hyperpages.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Segment spectrograph?") /* Ton Wempe, Jul 16 1996 */
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Phoneme-to-articulation conversion??") /* Mirjam Ernestus, Jul 1 1996 */
ENTRY ("Known bugs in the Macintosh version")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (small) Minimal console. Needs descendant of TextEditor.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (small) Pause window modal.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (small) Cascade buttons grey after suspend+resume during progress window.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (tiny) Grow icon sometimes flashes during scrolling.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Movie window cannot be closed.")
ENTRY ("Known bugs in the Windows version")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (small) Picture window cannot be closed a second time.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Cannot stand infinitesimal zooming in SpectrogramEditor.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Clipboards with greys sometimes become black-and-white after use of colour.")
ENTRY ("Known bugs in the Unix versions")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (small) Motif messaging windows should have no parent and be modeless.")
ENTRY ("Known bugs in the Linux version")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sounds shorter than 200 ms do not always play (workaround: add zeroes in prefs).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Keyboard shortcuts do not work if NumLock is on.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Progress window does not always disappear.")
ENTRY ("Known bugs in the Solaris version")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (serious for some) File names run out of the window in some Motif versions.")
ENTRY ("Known bugs in the HP version")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (serious for some) Sound recording should be from audioserver instead of local.")
MAN_END
/*
   BUGBASE

>* The Artword editor would be easier to read if the vertical axis of the
>graphs were squeezed a little.  As it is, the line for a target of 1
>throughout the utterance merges into the top bounding box and is
>invisible.
>

>* In drawing a picture of an Artword for a Speaker, the Pen|Line-width
>option only works for dotted and dashed lines.  It's ignored for plain
>lines (and is WAY too wide).
*/
 
MAN_BEGIN ("Acknowledgments", "ppgb", 20020203)
NORMAL ("For supplying source code:")
LIST_ITEM ("Summer Institute of Linguistics (IPA fonts).")
LIST_ITEM ("Darryl Purnell, Pretoria (Linux audio).")
NORMAL ("For technical support and advice:")
LIST_ITEM ("Ton Wempe.")
NORMAL ("For their financial support during the development of Praat:")
LIST_ITEM ("Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO).")
LIST_ITEM ("Spoken Dutch Corpus (CGN).")
LIST_ITEM ("Laboratorium Experimentele OtoRhinoLaryngologie, KU Leuven.")
LIST_ITEM ("DFG-Projekt Dialektintonation, Universit\\a\"t Freiburg.")
LIST_ITEM ("Department of Linguistics and Phonetics, Lund University.")
LIST_ITEM ("Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Turku.")
LIST_ITEM ("Linguistics Department, University of Joensuu.")
LIST_ITEM ("Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Paris.")
LIST_ITEM ("Department of Linguistics, Northwestern University.")
LIST_ITEM ("Department of Finnish and General Linguistics, University of Tampere.")
LIST_ITEM ("Institute for Language and Speech Processing, Paradissos Amaroussiou.")
LIST_ITEM ("J\\o\"rg Jescheniak, Universit\\a\"t Leipzig.")
LIST_ITEM ("The Linguistics Teaching Laboratory, Ohio State University.")
LIST_ITEM ("Linguistics & Cognitive Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH.")
LIST_ITEM ("Cornell Phonetics Lab, Ithaca NY.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Control menu", "ppgb", 20021204)
INTRO ("The first menu in the @@Object window@. On MacOS X, this menu is called #%Praat.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Copy...", "ppgb", 19960904)
INTRO ("One of the fixed buttons in the @@Object window@.")
ENTRY ("Availability")
NORMAL ("You can choose this command after selecting one object of any class.")
ENTRY ("Behaviour")
NORMAL ("The Object window copies the selected object, and all the data it contains, "
	"to a new object, which will appear at the bottom of the List of Objects.")
ENTRY ("Example")
NORMAL ("If you select \"Sound hallo\" and click `Copy...', "
	"a dialog will appear, which prompts you for a name; "
	"after you click OK, a new object will appear in the list, bearing that name.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Draw submenu", "ppgb", 20010417)
INTRO ("A submenu that occurs in the @@Dynamic menu@ for many objects.")
NORMAL ("This submenu contains commands for drawing the object to the @@Picture window@, "
	"which will allow you to print the drawing or to copy it to your word processor.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Dynamic menu", "ppgb", 19981024)
INTRO ("A column of buttons in the right-hand part of the @@Object window@, "
	"plus the #Write menu in the Object window.")
NORMAL ("If you select one or more @objects in the list, "
	"the possible actions that you can perform with the selected objects "
	"will appear in the dynamic menu. "
	"These actions can include editing, writing, drawing, "
	"conversions to other types (including analysis and synthesis), and more.")
ENTRY ("Example of analysis:")
NORMAL ("Record a Sound, select it, and click on ##To Pitch...#. "
	"This will create a new Pitch object and put it in the list of objects. "
	"You can then edit, write, and draw this Pitch object.")
ENTRY ("Example of synthesis:")
NORMAL ("Create a #Speaker, create and edit an #Artword, and click on ##To Sound...#.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Edit", "ppgb", 20010414)
INTRO ("A command in the @@Dynamic menu@ of several types of @objects.")
NORMAL ("This command puts an @@Editors|editor@ window on the screen, which shows the contents of the selected object. "
	"This window will allow your to view and modify the contents of this object.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Extract visible formant contour", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the Formant menu of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("See @@Intro 5. Formant analysis@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Extract visible intensity contour", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the Intensity menu of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("See @@Intro 6. Intensity analysis@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Extract visible pitch contour", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the Pitch menu of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("See @@Intro 4. Pitch analysis@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Extract visible spectrogram", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the Spectrogram menu of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("See @@Intro 3. Spectral analysis@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)", "ppgb", 20010824)
LIST_ITEM ("@@FAQ: Formant analysis")
LIST_ITEM ("@@FAQ: Pitch analysis")
LIST_ITEM ("@@FAQ: Spectrograms")
LIST_ITEM ("@@FAQ: Scripts")
/* Hardware */
/* Pitch: octave errors */
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("FAQ: Formant analysis", "ppgb", 20020722)
NORMAL ("#Problem: I get different formant values if I choose to analyse 3 formants "
	"than if I choose to analyse 4 formants.")
NORMAL ("Solution: the \"number of formants\" in formant analysis determines the "
	"number of peaks with which the %entire spectrum is modelled. For an average "
	"female voice, you should choose to analyse 5 formants in the region up to 5500 Hz, "
	"even if you are interested only in the first three formants.")
NORMAL ("")
NORMAL ("#Problem: I often get only 1 formant in a region where I see clearly 2 formants "
	"in the spectrogram.")
NORMAL ("This occurs mainly in back vowels (F1 and F2 close together) for male voices, "
	"if the \"maximum formant\" is set to the default of 5500 Hz, which is appropriate "
	"for female voices. Set the \"maximum formant\" down to 5000 Hz. "
	"No, Praat comes without a guarantee: the formant analysis is based on LPC, "
	"and this comes with several assumptions as to what a speech spectrum is like.")
NORMAL ("")
NORMAL ("#Question: what algorithm is used for formant analysis?")
NORMAL ("Answer: see @@Sound: To Formant (burg)...@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("FAQ: Pitch analysis", "ppgb", 20021219)
NORMAL ("#Question: what algorithm is used for pitch analysis?")
NORMAL ("Answer: see @@Sound: To Pitch (ac)...@. The 1993 article is downloadable from "
	"http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/paul/")
NORMAL ("#Question: why do I get different results for the maximum pitch if...?")
NORMAL ("If you select a Sound and choose @@Sound: To Pitch...@, the time step will usually "
	"be 0.01 seconds. The resulting @Pitch object will have values for times that are "
	"0.01 seconds apart. If you then click Info or choose ##%%Get maximum pitch#% from the Query submenu, "
	"the result is based on those time points. By contrast, if you choose ##%%Get maximum pitch#% "
	"from the #%Pitch menu in the SoundEditor window, the result will be based on the visible points, "
	"of which there tend to be a hundred in the visible window. These different time spacings will "
	"lead to slightly different pitch contours.")
NORMAL ("If you choose ##%%Move cursor to maximum pitch#%, then choose ##%%Get pitch#% from the "
	"#%Pitch menu, the result will be different again. This is because ##%%Get maximum pitch#% "
	"can do a parabolic interpolation around the maximum, whereas ##%%Get pitch#%, not realizing "
	"that the cursor is at a maximum, does a stupid linear interpolation, which tends to lead to "
	"lower values.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("FAQ: Scripts", "ppgb", 20010909)
NORMAL ("#Question: how do I do something to all the files in a directory?")
NORMAL ("Answer: look at @@Create Strings as file list...@.")
NORMAL ("")
NORMAL ("#Problem: a line like \"Number = 1\" does not work.")
NORMAL ("Solution: names of variables should start with a lower-case letter.")
NORMAL ("")
NORMAL ("#Question: why do names of variables have to start with a lower-case letter? "
	"I would like to do things like \"F0 = Get mean pitch\".")
NORMAL ("Answer: Praat scripts combine button commands with things that only occur "
	"in scripts. Button commands always start with a capital letter, e.g. \"Play\". "
	"Script command always start with lower case, e.g. \"echo Hello\". "
	"A minimal pair is \"select\", which simulates a mouse click in the object list, "
	"versus \"Select...\", which sets the selection in editor windows. Variable names "
	"that start with a capital letter would be rather ambiguous in assignments, "
	"as in \"x = Get\", where \"Get\" would be a variable, versus \"x = Get mean\", "
	"where \"Get mean\" is a button command. To prevent this, Praat enforces "
	"a rigorous lower-case/upper-case distinction.")
NORMAL ("")
NORMAL ("#Question: how do I convert a number into a string?")
NORMAL ("Answer: a\\$  = \"'a'\"")
NORMAL ("#Question: how do I convert a string into a number?")
NORMAL ("Answer: a = 'a\\$ '")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("FAQ: Spectrograms", "ppgb", 20020722)
NORMAL ("#Problem: the background is grey instead of white (too little contrast)")
NORMAL ("Solution: reduce the \"dynamic range\" in the spectrogram settings. The default is 50 dB, "
	"which is fine for detecting small things like plosive voicing in well recorded speech. "
	"For gross features like vowel formants, or for noisy speech, you may want to change the dynamic range "
	"to 40 or even 30 dB.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("File menu", "ppgb", 20021204)
INTRO ("One of the menus in all @editors, in the @manual, and in the @@Picture window@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Filtering", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("This tutorial describes the use of filtering techniques in P\\s{RAAT}. "
	"It assumes you are familiar with the @Intro.")
ENTRY ("Frequency-domain filtering")
NORMAL ("Modern computer techniques make possible an especially simple batch filtering method: "
	"multiplying the complex spectrum in the frequency domain by any real-valued filter function. "
	"This leads to a zero phase shift for each frequency component. The impulse response is symmetric "
	"in the time domain, which also means that the filter is %acausal: the filtered signal will show components "
	"before they start in the original.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Spectrum: Filter (pass Hann band)...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Spectrum: Filter (stop Hann band)...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: Filter (pass Hann band)...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: Filter (stop Hann band)...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: Filter (formula)...@")
NORMAL ("Spectro-temporal:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@band filtering in the frequency domain@")
ENTRY ("Fast time-domain filtering")
NORMAL ("Some very fast Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters can be defined in the time domain. "
	"These include recursive all-pole filters and pre-emphasis. These filters are causal but have non-zero phase shifts. "
	"There are versions that create new Sound objects:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: Filter (one formant)...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: Filter (pre-emphasis)...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: Filter (de-emphasis)...@")
NORMAL ("And there are in-line versions, which modify the existing Sound objects:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: Filter with one formant (in-line)...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: Pre-emphasize (in-line)...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: De-emphasize (in-line)...@")
ENTRY ("Convolution")
NORMAL ("A Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter can be described as a sampled sound. "
	"Filtering with such a filter amounts to a %#convolution of the original sound and the filter:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sounds: Convolve@")
ENTRY ("Described elsewhere")
NORMAL ("Described in the @@Source-filter synthesis@ tutorial:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound & Formant: Filter@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound & FormantTier: Filter@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@LPC & Sound: Filter...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@LPC & Sound: Filter (inverse)@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Formants & LPC submenu", "ppgb", 20011107)
INTRO ("A submenu that occurs in the @@Dynamic menu@ for a @Sound.")
NORMAL ("This submenu contains commands for analysing the formant contours of the selected Sound:")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To Formant (burg)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To Formant (keep all)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To Formant (sl)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To LPC (autocorrelation)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To LPC (covariance)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To LPC (burg)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To LPC (marple)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To MFCC...")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("frequency", "ppgb", 20030314)
INTRO ("Frequency is how often something happens in a certain time, for instance "
	"the number of times the P\\s{RAAT} home page www.praat.org is visited every day.")
NORMAL ("In P\\s{RAAT}, frequency is the number of vibration cycles per second. "
	"Although one can sometimes see the abbreviation %cps, P\\s{RAAT} always uses Hz (short for %Hertz), "
	"which means the same.")
NORMAL ("Unfortunately, there are two very distinct kinds of vibrations in speech analysis. "
	"For pitch, frequency is the number of glottal cycles per second, and for spectral analysis, "
	"frequency is the number of sine wave cycles per second. Quite some bit of the training of an "
	"acoustic phonetician goes into the understanding of the difference between the ideas behind F0 and F1, "
	"and many years can be spent on understanding the influence they have on each other in production, "
	"acoustics, perception, or measurement...")
NORMAL ("In order to prevent confusion, P\\s{RAAT} always requires frequency to be expressed in Hz. "
	"So if you want to supply a sample rate of 20 kiloHertz (20 kHz), you fill in 20000 or 2e4 or 20e3. "
	"If you want to switch off pre-emphasis in some spectral analysis, you supply 1 GigaHertz (GHz) "
	"for its \"from-frequency\", by typing 1e9.")
NORMAL ("In P\\s{RAAT} editor windows, frequency usually runs from bottom to top, since time already has to run "
	"from left to right. This goes for spectrograms, pitch contours, and formant contours. "
	"In spectral slices, frequency runs from left to right, since these have no time axis.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Get first formant", "ppgb", 20011107)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @@Query menu@ of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Get pitch", "ppgb", 20010417)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @@Query menu@ of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Get second formant", "ppgb", 20011107)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @@Query menu@ of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Goodies", "ppgb", 20021204)
INTRO ("The title of a submenu of the @@Control menu@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Info", "ppgb", 19980101)
INTRO ("One of the fixed buttons in the @@Object window@.")
ENTRY ("Availability")
NORMAL ("You can choose this command after choosing one object.")
ENTRY ("Purpose")
NORMAL ("To get some information about the selected object.")
ENTRY ("Behaviour")
NORMAL ("The information will appear in the @@Info window@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Info window", "ppgb", 20030528)
INTRO ("A text window into which many query commands write their answers.")
NORMAL ("You can select text from this window and copy it to other places.")
NORMAL ("In a @@Praat script@, you can bypass the Info window by having a query command "
	"writing directly into a script variable.")
NORMAL ("Apart from the @Info command, which writes general information about the selected object, "
	"the following more specific commands also write into the Info window:")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Inspect", "ppgb", 19960904)
INTRO ("One of the fixed buttons in the @@Object window@.")
NORMAL ("You can use this command after selecting one object in the list.")
NORMAL ("The contents of the selected object will become visible in a Data Editor. "
	"You can then view and change the data in the object, "
	"but beware: changing the data directly in this way may render them inconsistent.")
NORMAL ("Changes that you make to the data with another Editor (e.g., a SoundEditor), "
	"or with the commands under #%Modify, "
	"are immediately reflected in the top-level Data Editor; "
	"any subeditors are destroyed, however, because they may now refer to invalid data.")
NORMAL ("Changes that you make to the data with a Data Editor, "
	"are immediately reflected in any open type-specific Editors (e.g., a SoundEditor).")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("This is an introductory tutorial to P\\s{RAAT}, a computer program "
	"with which phoneticians can analyse, synthesize, and manipulate speech, "
	"and create high-quality pictures for their articles and thesis. "
	"You are advised to work through all of this tutorial.")
NORMAL ("You can read this tutorial sequentially with the help of the \"1 >\" and \"< 1\" buttons, "
	"or go the desired information by clicking on the blue links.")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 1. How to get a sound@: "
	"@@Intro 1.1. Recording a sound|record@, "
	"@@Intro 1.2. Reading a sound from disk|read@, "
	"@@Intro 1.3. Creating a sound from a formula|formula@.")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 2. What to do with a sound@: "
	"@@Intro 2.1. Writing a sound to disk|write@, "
	"@@Intro 2.2. Viewing and editing a sound|view@.")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 3. Spectral analysis")
LIST_ITEM1 ("spectrograms: @@Intro 3.1. Viewing a spectrogram|view@, "
	"@@Intro 3.2. Configuring the spectrogram|configure@, "
	"@@Intro 3.3. Querying the spectrogram|query@, "
	"@@Intro 3.4. The Spectrogram object|the Spectrogram object@.")
LIST_ITEM1 ("spectral slices: @@Intro 3.5. Viewing a spectral slice|view@, "
	"@@Intro 3.6. Configuring the spectral slice|configure@, "
	"@@Intro 3.7. The Spectrum object|the Spectrum object@.")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 4. Pitch analysis")
LIST_ITEM1 ("pitch contours: @@Intro 4.1. Viewing a pitch contour|view@, "
	"@@Intro 4.2. Configuring the pitch contour|configure@, "
	"@@Intro 4.3. Querying the pitch contour|query@, "
	"@@Intro 4.4. The Pitch object|the Pitch object@.")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 5. Formant analysis")
LIST_ITEM1 ("formant contours: @@Intro 5.1. Viewing formant contours|view@, "
	"@@Intro 5.2. Configuring the formant contours|configure@, "
	"@@Intro 5.3. Querying the formant contours|query@, "
	"@@Intro 5.4. The Formant object|the Formant object@.")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 6. Intensity analysis")
LIST_ITEM1 ("intensity contours: @@Intro 6.1. Viewing an intensity contour|view@, "
	"@@Intro 6.2. Configuring the intensity contour|configure@, "
	"@@Intro 6.3. Querying the intensity contour|query@, "
	"@@Intro 6.4. The Intensity object|the Intensity object@.")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 7. Annotation")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 8. Manipulation@: of "
	"@@Intro 8.1. Manipulation of pitch|pitch@, "
	"@@Intro 8.2. Manipulation of duration|duration@, "
	"@@Intro 8.3. Manipulation of intensity|intensity@, "
	"@@Intro 8.4. Manipulation of formants|formants@.")
NORMAL ("There are also more specialized tutorials:")
LIST_ITEM ("Phonetics:")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu Voice analysis (jitter, shimmer, noise): @Voice")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu Listening experiments: @@ExperimentMFC@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Sound files@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Filtering@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Source-filter synthesis@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Articulatory synthesis@")
LIST_ITEM ("Phonology:")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@OT learning@")
LIST_ITEM ("Statistics:")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Principal component analysis@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Multidimensional scaling@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Discriminant analysis@")
LIST_ITEM ("General:")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Printing@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Scripting@")
ENTRY ("The authors")
NORMAL ("The Praat program is maintained by Paul Boersma and David Weenink of "
	"the Institute of Phonetics Sciences of the University of Amsterdam. "
	"Its home page is ##http://www.praat.org# or ##http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/#.")
NORMAL ("For questions and suggestions, mail to the Praat discussion list, "
	"which is reachable from the Praat home page, or directly to ##paul.boersma\\@ hum.uva.nl#.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 1. How to get a sound", "ppgb", 20021212)
INTRO ("Most of the things most people do with Praat start with a sound. "
	"There are at least three ways to get a sound:")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 1.1. Recording a sound")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 1.2. Reading a sound from disk")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 1.3. Creating a sound from a formula")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 1.1. Recording a sound", "ppgb", 20021212)
INTRO ("To record a speech sound into Praat, you need to have a computer with a microphone. "
	"If you do not have a microphone, try to record from an audio CD instead.")
NORMAL ("To record from the microphone (or CD), perform the following steps:")
LIST_ITEM ("1. Choose @@Record mono Sound...@ from the @@New menu@ in the @@Object window@. "
	"A @SoundRecorder window will appear on your screen (on MacOS X, you may have to choose "
	"@@Record stereo Sound...@ instead).")
LIST_ITEM ("2. In the SoundRecorder window, choose the appropriate input device, i.e. choose \"Microphone\" "
	"(or \"CD\").")
LIST_ITEM ("3. Use the #Record and #Stop buttons to record a few seconds of your speech "
	"(or a few seconds of music from your playing CD).")
LIST_ITEM ("4. Use the #Play button to hear what you have recorded.")
LIST_ITEM ("5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until you are satisfied with your recording.")
LIST_ITEM ("6. Click the ##To list# button. Your recording will now appear "
	"as a @Sound object called \"Sound untitled\" in the @@List of Objects@, which is the left part of the Object window.")
LIST_ITEM ("7. You can now close the SoundRecorder window.")
LIST_ITEM ("8. The right part of the Object window shows you what you can do with the sound. "
	"Try the #Play and @Edit buttons.")
NORMAL ("For more information, see the @SoundRecorder manual page.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 1.2. Reading a sound from disk", "ppgb", 20010408)
INTRO ("If you do not have a microphone, you could read a sound file from your disk.")
NORMAL ("With @@Read from file...@ from the Read menu, "
	"Praat will be able to read most standard types of sound files. "
	"If you do not have a sound file on your disk, you can take one from the Internet.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 1.3. Creating a sound from a formula", "ppgb", 20010408)
INTRO ("If you have no access to the Internet, you can create a sound from a formula with "
	"@@Create Sound...@ from the @@New menu@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 2. What to do with a sound", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("As soon as you have a @Sound object in the @@List of Objects@, "
	"the buttons in the @@Dynamic menu@ (the right-hand part of the @@Object window@) "
	"will show you what you can do with it.")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 2.1. Writing a sound to disk")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 2.2. Viewing and editing a sound")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 2.1. Writing a sound to disk", "ppgb", 20021212)
INTRO ("There are several ways to write a sound to disk.")
NORMAL ("First, the @@File menu@ of the @SoundRecorder window contains commands to save the left "
	"channel, the right channel, or both channels of the recorded sound to any of four standard types "
	"of sound files (AIFC, WAV, NeXT/Sun, NIST). These four file types are equivalent; "
	"Praat will handle them equally well on every computer. The first three of these types will "
	"also be recognized by nearly all other sound-playing programs.")
NORMAL ("Then, once you have a @Sound object in the @@List of Objects@, "
	"you can save it in several formats with the commands in the @@Write menu@. "
	"Again, the AIFF, AIFC, WAV, NeXT/Sun, and NIST formats are equally fine.")
NORMAL ("For more information, see the @@Sound files@ tutorial.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 2.2. Viewing and editing a sound", "ppgb", 20030225)
NORMAL ("To see the wave form of a @Sound that is in the list of objects, "
	"select that Sound and click @Edit.")
NORMAL ("If your sound file is longer than about a minute, you may prefer to open it with @@Open long sound file...@. "
	"This puts a @LongSound object into the list. In this way, most of the sound will stay in the file on disk, "
	"and at most 60 seconds will be read into memory each time you play or view a part of it.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 3. Spectral analysis", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("This section describes how you can analyse the spectral content of an existing sound. "
	"You will learn how to use %spectrograms and %%spectral slices%.")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 3.1. Viewing a spectrogram")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 3.2. Configuring the spectrogram")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 3.3. Querying the spectrogram")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 3.4. The Spectrogram object")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 3.5. Viewing a spectral slice")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 3.6. Configuring the spectral slice")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 3.7. The Spectrum object")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 3.1. Viewing a spectrogram", "ppgb", 20030513)
INTRO ("To see the spectral content of a sound as a function of time, "
	"select a @Sound or @LongSound object and choose @Edit. "
	"A @SoundEditor or @LongSoundEditor window will appear on your screen. "
	"In the entire bottom half of this window you will see a greyish image, which is called a %spectrogram. "
	"If you do not see it, choose @@Show spectrogram@ from the #Spectrogram menu.")
NORMAL ("The spectrogram is a @@spectro-temporal representation@ of the sound. "
	"The horizontal direction of the spectrogram represents @time, the vertical direction represents @frequency. "
	"The time scale of the spectrogram is the same as that of the waveform, so the spectrogram reacts "
	"to your zooming and scrolling. "
	"To the left of the spectrogram, you see the frequency scale. The frequency at the bottom of the spectrogram "
	"is usually 0 Hz (Hertz, cps, cycles per second), and a common value for the frequency at the top is 5000 Hz.")
NORMAL ("Darker parts of the spectrogram mean higher energy densities, lighter parts mean lower energy densities. "
	"If the spectrogram has a dark area around a time of 1.2 seconds and a frequency of 4000 Hz, "
	"this means that the sound has lots of energy for those high frequencies at that time. "
	"For many examples of spectrograms of speech sounds, see the textbook by @@Ladefoged (2001)@ and "
	"the reference work by @@Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)@.")
NORMAL ("To see what time and frequency a certain part of the spectrogram is associated with, "
	"just click on the spectrogram and you will see the vertical time cursor showing the time above "
	"the waveform and the horizontal frequency cursor showing the frequency to the left of the spectrogram. "
	"This is one of the ways to find the %formant frequencies for vowels, or the main spectral peaks "
	"for fricatives.")
ENTRY ("Hey, there are white vertical stripes at the edges!")
NORMAL ("This is normal. Spectral analysis requires an %%analysis window% of a certain duration. "
	"For instance, if P\\s{RAAT} wants to know the spectrum at 1.342 seconds, it needs to include information "
	"about the signal in a 10-milliseconds window around this time point, i.e., P\\s{RAAT} will use "
	"signal information about all times between 1.337 and 1.347 seconds. At the very edges of the sound, "
	"this information is not available: "
	"if the sound runs from 0 to 1.8 seconds, no spectrum can be computed between 0 and 0.005 "
	"seconds or between 1.795 and 1.800 seconds. Hence the white stripes. If you do not see them "
	"immediately when you open the sound, zoom in on the beginning or end of the sound.")
NORMAL ("When you zoom in on the middle of the sound (or anywhere not near the edges), the white stripes vanish. "
	"Suddenly you see only the time stretch between 0.45 and 1.35 seconds, for instance. "
	"But P\\s{RAAT} did not forget what the signal looks like just outside the edges of this time window. "
	"To display a spectrogram from 0.45 to 1.35 seconds, P\\s{RAAT} will use information from the wave form "
	"between 0.445 and 1.355 seconds, and if this is available, you will see no white stripes at the edges of the window.")
ENTRY ("Hey, it changes when I scroll!")
NORMAL ("This is normal as well, especially for long windows. If your visible time window is 20 seconds long, "
	"and the window takes up 1000 screen pixels horizontally, "
	"then you might think that every one-pixel-wide vertical line should represent the spectrum of 20 milliseconds of sound. "
	"But for reasons of computation speed, P\\s{RAAT} will only show the spectrum of the part of the sound "
	"that lies around the centre of those 20 milliseconds, "
	"not the average or sum of all the spectra in those 20 milliseconds. "
	"This %undersampling of the underlying spectrogram is different from what happens in the drawing of the wave form, "
	"where a vertical black line connects the minimum and maximum amplitude of all the samples that fall inside a "
	"screen pixel. We cannot do something similar for spectrograms. And since scrolling goes by fixed time steps "
	"(namely, 5 percent of the duration of the visible window), rather than by a whole number of screen pixels, "
	"the centres of the pixels will fall in different parts of the spectrogram with each scroll. "
	"Hence the apparent changes. If your visible window is shorter than a couple of seconds, "
	"the scrolling spectrogram will appear much smoother.")
NORMAL ("The darkness of the spectrogram will also change when you scroll, because the visible part with the most "
	"energy is defined as black. When a very energetic part of the signal scrolls out of view, the spectrogram "
	"will turn darker. The next section will describe a way to switch this off.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 3.2. Configuring the spectrogram", "ppgb", 20030527)
NORMAL ("With @@Spectrogram settings...@ from the #Spectrogram menu, "
	"you can determine how the spectrogram is computed and how it is displayed. "
	"These settings will be remembered across Praat sessions. "
	"All these settings have %default values (\"factory settings\"), which appear "
	"when you click ##Revert to defaults#. These default settings are best in most cases.")
TAG ("%%Number of time steps%")
DEFINITION ("the maximum number of points along the time window for which P\\s{RAAT} has to compute "
	"the spectrum. If your screen is not wider than 1200 pixels, then the default of 1000 is "
	"appropriate, since there is no point in computing more than one spectrum per one-pixel-wide vertical line. "
	"If you have a really wide screen, you may see improvement if you raise this number to 1500.")
TAG ("%%Number of frequency steps%")
DEFINITION ("the maximum number of points along the window for which P\\s{RAAT} has to compute "
	"the spectrum. If your screen is not wider than 1200 pixels, then the default of 1000 is "
	"appropriate, since there is no point in computing more than one spectrum per one-pixel-wide vertical line. "
	"If you have a really wide screen, you may see improvement if you raise this number to 1500.")
TAG ("%%View range% (Hz)")
DEFINITION ("the range of frequencies to display. The default is 0 Hz at the bottom and 5000 Hz at the top. "
	"If this maximum frequency is higher than the Nyquist frequency of the Sound "
	"(which is half its sampling frequency), some values in the spectrogram will be zero, and the higher "
	"frequencies will be drawn in white. You can see this if you record a Sound at 44100 Hz and set the "
	"view range from 0 Hz to 25000 Hz.")
TAG ("%%Method")
DEFINITION ("there is currently only one method available in this window for computing a spectrum from "
	"a sound: the Fourier transform.")
TAG ("%%Window length")
DEFINITION ("the duration of the analysis window. If this is 0.005 seconds (the default), "
	"Praat uses for each frame the part of the sound that lies between 0.0025 seconds before "
	"and 0.0025 seconds after the centre of that frame "
	"(for Gaussian windows, Praat actually uses a bit more than that). "
	"The window length determines the %bandwidth of the spectral analysis, "
	"i.e. the width of the horizontal line in the spectrogram of a pure sine wave (see below). "
	"For a Gaussian window, the -3 dB bandwidth is 2*sqrt(6*ln(2))/(\\pi*%%Window length%), "
	"or 1.2982804 / %%Window length%. "
	"To get a `broad-band' spectrogram (bandwidth 260 Hz), keep the default window length of 5 ms; "
	"to get a `narrow-band' spectrogram (bandwidth 43 Hz), set it to 30 ms (0.03 seconds). "
	"The other window shapes give slightly different values.")
TAG ("%%Window shape")
DEFINITION ("the shape of the analysis window. To compute the spectrum at, say, 3.850 seconds, "
	"samples that lie close to 3.850 seconds are given more weight than samples further away. "
	"The relative extent to which each sample contributes to the spectrum is given by the window shape. "
	"You can choose from: Gaussian, Square (none, rectangular), Hamming (raised sine-squared), "
	"Bartlett (triangular), Welch (parabolic), and Hanning (sine-squared). "
	"The Gaussian window is superior, as it gives no %sidelobes in your spectrogram (see below); "
	"it analyzes a factor of 2 slower than the other window shapes, "
	"because the analysis is actually performed on twice as many samples per frame.")
TAG ("%%Maximum% (dB/Hz)")
TAG ("%%Autoscaling% (dB)")
DEFINITION ("all parts of the spectrogram that have a power above %maximum (after preemphasis) "
	"will be drawn in black. The default maximum is 100 dB/Hz, but if %autoscaling is on (the default), "
	"P\\s{RAAT} will use the maximum of the visible part of the spectrogram instead; "
	"this ensures that the window will always look well, but it also means that the blackness "
	"of a certain part of the spectrogram will change as you scroll.")
TAG ("%%Dynamic range% (dB)")
DEFINITION ("All values that are more than %%Dynamic range% dB below the maximum (after dynamic compression) "
	"will be drawn in white. Values in-between have appropriate shades of grey. Thus, if the highest "
	"peak in the spectrogram has a height of 30 dB/Hz, and the dynamic range is 50 dB (the default), "
	"then values below -20 dB/Hz will be drawn in white, and values between -20 dB/Hz and 30 dB/Hz will be drawn "
	"in various shades of grey.")
TAG ("%%Preemphasis% (dB/octave)")
DEFINITION ("determines the steepness of a high-pass filter, "
	"i.e., how much the power of higher frequencies will be raised before drawing, as compared to lower frequencies. "
	"Since the spectral slope of human vowels is approximately -6 dB per octave, "
	"the default value for this setting is +6 dB per octave, "
	"so that the spectrum is flattened and the higher formants look as strong as the lower ones. "
	"When you raise the preemphasis, frequency bands above 1000 Hz will become darker, those below 1000 Hz will become lighter.")
TAG ("%%Dynamic compression")
DEFINITION ("determines how much stronger weak spectra should be made before drawing. "
	"Normally, this parameter is between 0 and 1. If it is 0 (the default), there is no dynamic compression. "
	"If it is 1, all spectra will be drawn equally strong, "
	"i.e., all of them will contain frequencies that are drawn in black. "
	"If this parameter is 0.4 and the global maximum is at 80 dB, then a spectrum with a maximum at 20 dB "
	"(which will normally be drawn all white if the dynamic range is 50 dB), "
	"will be raised by 0.4 * (80 - 20) = 24 dB, "
	"so that its maximum will be seen at 44 dB (thus making this frame visible).")
ENTRY ("The bandwidth")
NORMAL ("To see how the window length influences the bandwidth, "
	"first create a 1000-Hz sine wave with @@Create Sound...@ "
	"by typing $$1/2 * sin (2*pi*1000*x)$ as the formula, then click #Edit. "
	"The spectrogram will show a horizontal black line. "
	"You can now vary the window length in the spectrogram settings and see how the thickness "
	"of the lines varies. The line gets thinner if you raise the window length. "
	"Apparently, if the analysis window comprises more periods of the wave, "
	"the spectrogram can tell us the frequency of the wave with greater precision.")
NORMAL ("To see this more precisely, create a sum of two sine waves, with frequencies of 1000 and 1200 Hz. "
	"the formula is $$1/4 * sin (2*pi*1000*x) + 1/4 * sin (2*pi*1200*x)$. In the editor, you will see "
	"a single thick band if the analysis window is short (5 ms), and two separate bands if the analysis "
	"window is long (30 ms). Apparently, the frequency resolution gets better with longer analysis windows.")
NORMAL ("So why don't we always use long analysis windows? The answer is that their time resolution is poor. "
	"To see this, create a sound that consists of two sine waves and two short click. The formula is "
	"$$0.02*(sin(2*pi*1000*x)+sin(2*pi*1200*x)) + (col=10000)+(col=10200)$. "
	"If you view this sound, you can see that the two clicks will overlap "
	"in time if the analysis window is long, and that the sine waves overlap in frequency if the "
	"analysis window is short. Apparently, there is a trade-off between time resolution and "
	"frequency resolution. One cannot know both the time and the frequency with great precision.")
ENTRY ("Sidelobes; anybody wants to win a cake?")
NORMAL ("The Gaussian window is the only shape that we can consider seriously as a candidate for "
	"the analysis window. To see this, create a 1000-Hz sine wave with @@Create Sound...@ "
	"by typing $$1/2 * sin (2*pi*1000*x)$ as the formula, then click #Edit. "
	"If the window shape is Gaussian, the spectrogram will show a horizontal black line. "
	"If the window shape is anything else, the spectrogram will show many horizontal grey lines (%sidelobes), "
	"which do not represent anything that is available in the signal. They are artifacts of the "
	"window shapes.")
NORMAL ("We include these other window shapes only for pedagogical purposes "
	"and because the Hanning and Hamming windows have traditionally been used in other programs before "
	"computers were as fast as they are now (a spectrogram is computed twice as fast "
	"with these other windows). Several other programs still use these inferior window shapes, and you are "
	"likely to run into people who claim that the Gaussian window has disadvantages. "
	"We promise such people a large cake if they can come up with sounds that look better "
	"with Hanning or Hamming windows than with a Gaussian window. An example of the reverse is easy "
	"to find; we have just seen one.")
ENTRY ("Optimization")
NORMAL ("For purposes of computation speed, Praat may decide to change the time step and the frequency step. "
	"This is because the time step never needs to be smaller than 1/(8\\Vr\\pi) of the window length, "
	"and the frequency step never needs to be smaller than (\\Vr\\pi)/8 of the inverse of the window length. "
	"For instance, if the window length is 30 ms, "
	"the actual time step will never be less than 30/(8\\Vr\\pi) = 2.116 ms. "
	"And if the window length is 5 ms, "
	"the actual frequency step will never be less than (\\Vr\\pi)/8/0.005 = 44.32 Hz.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 3.3. Querying the spectrogram", "ppgb", 20030403)
NORMAL ("If you click anywhere inside the spectrogram, a cursor cross will appear, "
	"and you will see the time and frequency in red at the top and to the left of the window. "
	"To see the time in the Info window, "
	"choose ##Get cursor# from the #Query menu or press the F6 key. "
	"To see the frequency in the Info window, "
	"choose ##Get frequency# from the ##Spec.# menu.")
NORMAL ("To query the power of the spectrogram at the cursor cross, "
	"choose ##Get spectral power at cursor cross# from the ##Spec.# menu or press the F9 key. "
	"The Info window will show you the power density, expressed in Pascal^2/Hz.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 3.4. The Spectrogram object", "ppgb", 20030317)
NORMAL ("To print a spectrogram, or to put it in an EPS file or on the clipboard for inclusion in your word processor, "
	"you first have to create a @Spectrogram object in the @@List of Objects@. "
	"You do this either by choosing ##Extract visible spectrogram# "
	"from the Spectrum menu in the SoundEditor or TextGridEditor window, "
	"or by selecting a Sound object in the list and choosing @@Sound: To Spectrogram...@ from the #Spectrum submenu. "
	"In either case, a new Spectrogram object will appear in the list. "
	"To draw this Spectrogram object to the @@Picture window@, "
	"select it and choose the @@Spectrogram: Paint...@ command. "
	"From the Picture window, you can print it, save it to an EPS file, or copy it to the clipboard.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 3.5. Viewing a spectral slice", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("With ##View spectral slice# from the ##Spec.# menu in the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor, "
	"you can see the frequency spectrum at the time cursor "
	"or the average frequency spectrum in the time selection.")
ENTRY ("Spectral slice at the cursor")
NORMAL ("If you click anywhere in the wave form of the SoundEditor or TextGridEditor windows, "
	"a cursor will appear at that time. If you then choose ##View spectral slice#, "
	"P\\s{RAAT} will create a @Spectrum object named %slice in the Objects window and show it in a @SpectrumEditor window. "
	"In this way, you can inspect the frequency contents of the signal around the cursor position.")
ENTRY ("Spectral slice from a selection")
NORMAL ("If you drag the mouse through the wave form of the SoundEditor or TextGridEditor windows, "
	"a @@time selection@ will appear. If you then choose ##View spectral slice#, "
	"P\\s{RAAT} will again create a @Spectrum object named %slice in the Objects window and show it in a @SpectrumEditor window. "
	"In this way, you can inspect the frequency contents of the signal in the selection.")
MAN_END


MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 3.6. Configuring the spectral slice", "ppgb", 20030316)
ENTRY ("Spectral slice at the cursor")
NORMAL ("What P\\s{RAAT} does precisely, depends on your Spectrogram settings. "
	"Suppose that the %%window length% setting is 0.005 seconds (5 milliseconds). "
	"If the %%window shape% is not Gaussian, P\\s{RAAT} will extract the part of the sound "
	"that runs from 2.5 milliseconds before the cursor to 2.5 ms after the cursor. "
	"P\\s{RAAT} then multiplies this 5 ms long signal by the window shape, then computes a spectrum "
	"with the method of @@Sound: To Spectrum (fft)@, which is put into the Objects window and opened in an editor window. "
	"If the window shape is Gaussian, P\\s{RAAT} will extract a part of the sound "
	"that runs from 5 milliseconds before the cursor to 5 ms after the cursor. The spectrum will then be based "
	"on a `physical' window length of 10 ms, although the `effective' window length is still 5 ms "
	"(see @@Intro 3.2. Configuring the spectrogram@ for details).")
ENTRY ("Spectral slice from a selection")
NORMAL ("What P\\s{RAAT} does precisely, again depends on the %%window shape% of your Spectrogram settings. "
	"Suppose that your selection is 50 ms long. P\\s{RAAT} will extract the entire selection, "
	"then multiply this 50 ms long signal by the window shape, then compute a spectrum, put it into the Objects window and open it an editor window. "
	"This procedure is equivalent to choosing ##Extract windowed selection...# with a %%relative duration% of 1.0, "
	"followed by ##To Spectrum (fft)#, followed by #Edit.")
NORMAL ("If the window is Gaussian, P\\s{RAAT} will still only use the selection, without doubling its duration. "
	"This means that the spectrum that you see in this case will mainly be based on the centre half of the selection, "
	"and the signal near the edges will be largely ignored.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 3.7. The Spectrum object", "ppgb", 20030403)
NORMAL ("To compute a Fourier frequency spectrum of an entire sound, "
	"select a @Sound object and choose @@Sound: To Spectrum (fft)|To Spectrum (fft)@ from the #Spectrum submenu. "
	"A new @Spectrum object will appear in the @@List of Objects@. "
	"To view or modify it (or listen to its parts), click @Edit. "
	"To print it, choose one of the #Draw commands to draw the Spectrum object to the @@Picture window@ first.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 4. Pitch analysis", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("This section describes how you can analyse the pitch contour of an existing sound.")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 4.1. Viewing a pitch contour")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 4.2. Configuring the pitch contour")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 4.3. Querying the pitch contour")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 4.4. The Pitch object")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 4.1. Viewing a pitch contour", "ppgb", 20030521)
NORMAL ("To see the pitch contour of an existing sound as a function of time, "
	"select a @Sound or @LongSound object and choose @Edit. "
	"A @SoundEditor window will appear on your screen. "
	"The bottom half of this window will contain a pitch contour, drawn as a blue line or as a sequence of blue dots. "
	"If you do not see the pitch contour, choose @@Show pitch@ from the #Pitch menu.")
NORMAL ("To the right of the window, you may see three pitch values, written with blue digits: "
	"at the bottom, you see the floor of the viewable pitch range, perhaps 75 Hz; at the top, "
	"you see the ceiling of the pitch range, perhaps 600 Hz; and somewhere in between, you see the pitch value "
	"at the cursor, or the average pitch in the selection.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 4.2. Configuring the pitch contour", "ppgb", 20030521)
NORMAL ("With @@Pitch settings...@ from the #Pitch menu, "
	"you can determine how the pitch contour is displayed and how it is computed. "
	"These settings will be remembered across Praat sessions. "
	"All these settings have %default values (\"factory settings\"), which appear "
	"when you click ##Revert to defaults#.")
ENTRY ("The %%pitch range% setting")
NORMAL ("This is the most important setting for pitch analysis. The default range is from 75 to 600 Hertz, "
	"which means that the pitch analysis method will only find values between 75 and 600 Hz. "
	"The range that you set here will be shown to the right of the analysis window.")
NORMAL ("For a male voice, you may want to set the floor to 75 Hz, and the ceiling to 300 Hz; "
	"for a female voice, set the range to 100-600 Hz instead. For creaky voice you will want to set it much "
	"lower than 75 Hz.")
NORMAL ("Here is why you have to supply these settings. If the pitch floor is 75 Hz, "
	"the pitch analysis method requires a 40-millisecond analysis window, "
	"i.e., in order to measure the F0 at a time of, say, 0.850 seconds, "
	"P\\s{RAAT} needs to consider a part of the sound that runs from 0.830 to 0.870 seconds. "
	"These 40 milliseconds correspond to 3 maximum pitch periods (3/75 = 0.040). "
	"If you set the pitch floor down to 25 Hz, the analysis window will grow to 120 milliseconds "
	"(which is again 3 maximum pitch periods), i.e., all times between 0.790 and 0.910 seconds will be considered. "
	"This makes it less easy to see fast F0 changes.")
NORMAL ("So setting the floor of the pitch range is a technical requirement for the pitch analysis. "
	"If you set it too low, you will miss very fast F0 changes, and if you set it too high, "
	"you will miss very low F0 values. For children's voices you can often use 200 Hz, "
	"although 75 Hz will still give you the same time resolution as you get for the males.")
ENTRY ("The %units setting")
NORMAL ("This setting determines the units of the vertical pitch scale. Most people like to see the pitch range "
	"in Hertz, but there are several other possibilities.")
ENTRY ("The unimportant settings")
NORMAL ("For information about these, see @@Sound: To Pitch (ac)...@. The default settings are best in most cases. "
	"For some pathological voices, you will want to set the voicing threshold to much less than the default of 0.45, "
	"in order to get pitch values even in irregular parts of the signal.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 4.3. Querying the pitch contour", "ppgb", 20030521)
NORMAL ("With @@Get pitch@ from the #Pitch menu in the @SoundEditor or @TextGridEditor, "
	"you get information about the pitch at the cursor or in the selection. "
	"If a cursor is visible in the window, ##Get pitch# writes to the @@Info window@ "
	"the linearly interpolated pitch at that time. "
	"If a time selection is visible inside the window, ##Get pitch# writes to the @@Info window@ "
	"the mean (average) pitch in that selection.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 4.4. The Pitch object", "ppgb", 20030316)
NORMAL ("The pitch contour that is visible in the @SoundEditor or @TextGridEditor window, "
	"can be copied as a separate @Pitch object to the @@List of Objects@. To do this, "
	"choose @@Extract visible pitch contour@ from the #Pitch menu.")
NORMAL ("Another way to get a separate Pitch object is to select a @Sound object in the list "
	"choose @@Sound: To Pitch...@ (preferred) or any of the other methods from the @@Periodicity submenu@.")
NORMAL ("To view and modify the contents of a Pitch object, select it and choose @Edit. "
	"This creates a @PitchEditor window on your screen.")
NORMAL ("To save a pitch contour to disk, select the @Pitch object in the list and choose one of the commands in the @@Write menu@.")
NORMAL ("Later on, you can read the saved file again with @@Read from file...@ from the @@Read menu@.")
NORMAL ("To draw a @Pitch object to the @@Picture window@, select it and choose any of the commands in the @@Draw submenu@. "
	"From the Picture window, you can print it, save it to an EPS file, or copy it to the clipboard for inclusion in your word processor.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 5. Formant analysis", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("This section describes how you can analyse the formant contours of an existing sound.")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 5.1. Viewing formant contours")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 5.2. Configuring the formant contours")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 5.3. Querying the formant contours")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 5.4. The Formant object")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 5.1. Viewing formant contours", "ppgb", 20030316)
NORMAL ("To see the formant contours of a sound as functions of time, select a @Sound or @LongSound object and choose @Edit. "
	"A @SoundEditor window will appear on your screen. "
	"The analysis part of this window will contain formant contours, drawn as red speckles. "
	"If you do not see the formant contours, choose @@Show formant@ from the #Formant menu.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 5.2. Configuring the formant contours", "ppgb", 20030316)
NORMAL ("The formant analysis parameters, with you can set with the #Formant menu, are important. "
	"For a female voice, you may want to set the maximum frequency to 5500 Hz; "
	"for a male voice, set it to 5000 Hz instead. "
	"For more information about analysis parameters, see @@Sound: To Formant (burg)...@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 5.3. Querying the formant contours", "ppgb", 20030316)
NORMAL ("With @@Get first formant@ from the Formant menu in the @SoundEditor or @TextGridEditor, "
	"you get information about the first formant at the cursor or in the selection. "
	"If there is a cursor, ##Get first formant# writes to the @@Info window@ the linearly interpolated first formant at that time. "
	"If there is a true selection, ##Get first formant# writes to the @@Info window@ the mean first formant in that selection. "
	"The same goes for @@Get second formant@ and so on.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 5.4. The Formant object", "ppgb", 20030316)
NORMAL ("The formant contours that are visible in the @SoundEditor or @TextGridEditor window, "
	"can be copied as a separate @Formant object to the @@List of Objects@. To do this, "
	"choose @@Extract visible formant contour@ from the Formant menu.")
NORMAL ("Another way to get a separate Formant object is to select a @Sound object in the list "
	"choose @@Sound: To Formant (burg)...@ (preferred) or any of the other methods "
	"from the @@Formants & LPC submenu@.")
ENTRY ("Saving formant contours to disk")
NORMAL ("To save formant contours to disk, select the @Formant object in the list and choose one of the commands in the @@Write menu@.")
NORMAL ("Later on, you can read the saved file again with @@Read from file...@ from the @@Read menu@.")
ENTRY ("Drawing formant contours")
NORMAL ("To draw a @Formant object to the @@Picture window@, select it and choose any of the commands in the @@Draw submenu@. "
	"From the Picture window, you can print it, save it to an EPS file, or copy it to the clipboard for inclusion in your word processor.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 6. Intensity analysis", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("This section describes how you can analyse the intensity contour of an existing sound.")
LIST_ITEM1 ("@@Intro 6.1. Viewing an intensity contour")
LIST_ITEM1 ("@@Intro 6.2. Configuring the intensity contour")
LIST_ITEM1 ("@@Intro 6.3. Querying the intensity contour")
LIST_ITEM1 ("@@Intro 6.4. The Intensity object")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 6.1. Viewing an intensity contour", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("To see the intensity contour of a sound as a function of time, select a @Sound or @LongSound object and choose @Edit. "
	"A @SoundEditor window will appear on your screen. "
	"The analysis part of this window will contain an intensity contour, drawn as a yellow line "
	"(choose ##Show intensity# from the #Intensity menu if it is not visible). "
	"This also works in the @TextGridEditor.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 6.2. Configuring the intensity contour", "ppgb", 20030403)
INTRO ("With ##Intensity settings..# from the ##Int.# menu, "
	"you can set the number of time points for the intensity contour, analogously "
	"to the pitch contour. You can also set the vertical scale (e.g. from 50 to 100 dB). "
	"The time span over which the intensity is averaged (smoothed) is determined by the "
	"##Minimum pitch# setting (see @@Intro 4.2. Configuring the pitch contour@.)")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 6.3. Querying the intensity contour", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("To ask for the intensity at the cursor, or the average intensity in the selection, "
	"choose ##Get intensity# from the ##Int.# menu or press the F11 key.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 6.4. The Intensity object", "ppgb", 20030316)
NORMAL ("To print an intensity contour, or to put it in an EPS file or on the clipboard for inclusion in your word processor, "
	"you first have to create an @Intensity object in the @@List of Objects@. "
	"You do this either by choosing ##Extract visible intensity contour# "
	"from the Intensity menu in the SoundEditor or TextGridEditor window, "
	"or by selecting a Sound object in the list and choosing @@Sound: To Intensity...@. "
	"In either case, a new Intensity object will appear in the list. "
	"To draw the Intensity object to the @@Picture window@, select it and choose ##%%Draw...#%. "
	"From the Picture window, you can print it, save it to an EPS file, or copy it to the clipboard.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 7. Annotation", "ppgb", 20010414)
INTRO ("You can label and segment existing @Sound objects and sound files (@LongSound objects).")
NORMAL ("The labelling data will reside in a @TextGrid object. This object is separate "
	"from the sound, which means that you will often see two objects in the list: a Sound or LongSound, "
	"and a TextGrid.")
ENTRY ("Creating a TextGrid")
NORMAL ("You create a new empty TextGrid from the Sound or LongSound with @@Sound: To TextGrid...@ "
	"or @@LongSound: To TextGrid...@ from the ##Label & Segment# submenu. In this way, the time domain "
	"of the @TextGrid will automatically equal that of the sound (if you choose @@Create TextGrid...@ from "
	"the @@New menu@ instead, you will have to supply the time domain by yourself).")
NORMAL ("When you create a TextGrid, you specify the names of the %tiers. For instance, if you want to segment "
	"the sound into words and into phonemes, you may want to create two tiers and call them "
	"\"words\" and \"phonemes\" (you can easily add, remove, and rename tiers later). "
	"Since both of these tiers are %%interval tiers% (you label the intervals between the word and phoneme "
	"boundaries, not the boundaries themselves), you specify \"phonemes words\" for %%Tier names%, "
	"and you leave the %%Point tiers% empty.")
ENTRY ("View and edit")
NORMAL ("You can edit a TextGrid object all by itself, but you will normally want to see "
	"the sound in the editor window as well. To achieve this, you select both the Sound (or LongSound) and "
	"the TextGrid, and click @Edit. A @TextGridEditor will appear on your screen. "
	"Like the Sound editor, the TextGrid editor will show you a spectrogram, a pitch contour, a formant contour, "
	"and an intensity contour. This editor will allow "
	"you to add, remove, and edit labels, boundaries, and tiers. Under Help in the TextGridEditor, you will "
	"find the @TextGridEditor manual page. You are strongly advised to read it, because it will show you "
	"how you can quickly zoom (drag the mouse), play (click a rectangle), or edit a label (just type).")
ENTRY ("Save")
NORMAL ("You will normally write the TextGrid to disk with @@Write to text file...@ "
	"or @@Write to short text file...@. It is true that @@Write to binary file...@ will also work, but the others "
	"give you a file you can read with any text editor.")
NORMAL ("However you saved it, you can read the TextGrid into Praat later with @@Read from file...@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 8. Manipulation", "ppgb", 20021212)
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 8.1. Manipulation of pitch")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 8.2. Manipulation of duration")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Intro 8.3. Manipulation of intensity")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 8.1. Manipulation of pitch", "ppgb", 20030309)
INTRO ("To modify the pitch contour of an existing @Sound object, "
	"you select this @Sound and click ##To Manipulation#. "
	"A @Manipulation object will then appear in the list. "
	"You can then click @Edit to raise a @ManipulationEditor, "
	"which will show the pitch contour (@PitchTier) as a series of thick dots. "
	"To reduce the number of dots, choose ##Stylize pitch (2 st)# "
	"from the #Pitch menu; it will then be easy to drag the dots "
	"about the time-pitch area.")
NORMAL ("If you click any of the rectangles "
	"(or choose any of the \"Play\" commands from the \"View\" menu), "
	"you will hear the modified sound. By shift-clicking, you will hear "
	"the original sound.")
NORMAL ("To get the modified sound as a separate object, "
	"choose \"Publish resynthesis\" from the \"File\" menu.")
NORMAL ("If you modify the duration curve as well (see @@Intro 8.2. Manipulation of duration@), "
	"the modified sound will be based on the modified pitch and duration.")
ENTRY ("Cloning a pitch contour")
NORMAL ("To use the pitch contour of one Manipulation object as the pitch contour of another Manipulation object, "
	"you first choose ##Extract pitch tier# for the first Manipulation object, "
	"then select the resulting PitchTier object together with the other Manipulation object "
	"(e.g. by a click on the PitchTier and a Command-click on the Manipulation), "
	"and choose ##Replace pitch tier#.")
ENTRY ("Precise manipulation of pitch")
NORMAL ("If you know exactly what pitch contour you want, "
	"you can create an empty PitchTier with @@Create PitchTier...@ from the New menu, "
	"then add points with @@PitchTier: Add point...@.")
NORMAL ("For instance, suppose you want to have a pitch that falls from 350 to 150 Hz in one second. "
	"You create the PitchTier, then add a point at 0 seconds and a frequency of 350 Hz, "
	"and a point at 1 second with a frequency of 150 Hz. "
	"You can put this PitchTier into a Manipulation object in the way described above.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 8.2. Manipulation of duration", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("You can use P\\s{RAAT} to modify the relative durations in an existing sound.")
NORMAL ("First, you select a @Sound object and click \"To Manipulation\". "
	"A @Manipulation object will then appear in the list. "
	"You can then click @Edit to raise a @ManipulationEditor, "
	"which will show an empty @DurationTier. "
	"You can add targets to this tier by choosing \"Add duration point at cursor\" "
	"from the \"Dur\" menu. The targets will show up as green dots, which you can easily drag "
	"about the duration area.")
NORMAL ("If you click any of the rectangles "
	"(or choose any of the @Play commands from the @View menu), "
	"you will hear the modified sound. By shift-clicking, you will hear "
	"the original sound.")
NORMAL ("To get the modified sound as a separate object, "
	"choose \"Publish resynthesis\" from the @@File menu@.")
NORMAL ("If you modify the pitch curve as well (see @@Intro 8.1. Manipulation of pitch@), "
	"the modified sound will be based on the modified duration and pitch.")
ENTRY ("Precise manipulation of duration")
NORMAL ("If you know exactly the times and relative durations, it is advisable to write a script (see @Scripting). "
	"Suppose, for instance, that you have a 355-ms piece of sound, and you want to shorten the first 85 ms to 70 ms, "
	"and the remaining 270 ms to 200 ms.")
NORMAL ("In your first 85 ms, your relative duration should be 70/85, "
	"and during the last 270 ms, it should be 200/270. "
	"The DurationTier does linear interpolation, so it can only be approximate these precise times, "
	"but fortunately to any precision you like:")
CODE ("Create DurationTier... shorten 0 0.085+0.270")
CODE ("Add point... 0.000 70/85")
CODE ("Add point... 0.084999 70/85")
CODE ("Add point... 0.085001 200/270")
CODE ("Add point... 0.0355 200/270")
NORMAL ("To put this DurationTier back into a Manipulation object, you select the two objects together "
	"(e.g. a click on the DurationTier and a Command-click on the Manipulation), "
	"and choose ##Replace duration tier#.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 8.3. Manipulation of intensity", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("You can modify the intensity contour of an existing sound.")
NORMAL ("While the pitch and duration of a sound can be modified with the @ManipulationEditor "
	"(see @@Intro 8.1. Manipulation of pitch@ and @@Intro 8.2. Manipulation of duration@), "
	"the modification of the intensity curve is done in a different way.")
NORMAL ("You can create an @IntensityTier with the command @@Create IntensityTier...@ "
	"from the @@New menu@. With @Edit, you can add points to this tier. "
	"You can then multiply this tier with a sound, by selecting the @Sound and the "
	"IntensityTier together and clicking @@Sound & IntensityTier: Multiply|Multiply@. "
	"The points in the IntensityTier thus represent %relative intensities in dB.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 8.4. Manipulation of formants", "ppgb", 20010408)
INTRO ("The manipulation of formant contours cannot be as straightforward as the manipulation "
	"of pitch, duration, or intensity contours. See the @@Source-filter synthesis@ tutorial "
	"for an explanation of how formants can be modified in Praat.")
MAN_END


/*
 * Who uses Praat?
 * phonetics
 * linguistics
 * speech pathology
 * psychology
 * bioacoustics: e.g.
hapalemur
crow
monkey
frog
tortelduif
insect
bird
grasshopper
cricket
alligator
crocodile
gecko
elephant
swallow, kippen
dolphin, humpback
[killer] whale
marine mammals
[electric] fish
sparrow
meerkat
[fruit] bat
lion
parrot, leghen
red deer
sperm whale
[bearded] seal
mouse, cracid
chacma baboon
* music
*/

MAN_BEGIN ("Labelling", "ppgb", 20010408)
INTRO ("See @@Intro 7. Annotation@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("List of Objects", "ppgb", 19981024)
INTRO ("A list in the left-hand part of the @@Object window@.")
ENTRY ("Purpose")
NORMAL ("If you select one or more @objects in this list, "
	"the possible actions that you can perform with the selected objects "
	"will appear in the @@Dynamic menu@.")
ENTRY ("How to select objects")
NORMAL ("To select one object (and deselect all the others), click on the object.")
NORMAL ("To extend the selection, drag the mouse (Unix, Windows) or use Shift-click (all systems).")
NORMAL ("To change the selection of one object (without changing the others), "
	"use Control-click (Unix, Windows) or Command-click (Macintosh).")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Look and feel", "ppgb", 20030528)
INTRO ("This page is about how you see the Praat shell and work with it in an interactive session.")
ENTRY ("The Praat shell on Macintosh^\\re")
NORMAL ("Most of the %look is Macintosh: rounded buttons, a menu bar at the top. "
	"Some of the look is Motif^\\tm: a menu bar in every window.")
NORMAL ("Most of the %feel is Macintosh: only one window active simultaneously.")
ENTRY ("The Praat shell on Windows^\\re 95 and NT")
NORMAL ("Most of the look and feel is Windows, though all windows are separate overlapping windows, "
	"instead of children of a large application window.")
ENTRY ("The Praat shell on the X Window system")
NORMAL ("From every computer with OSF/Motif, you can run the Praat shell on every X server in the world. "
	"If your program is %praat, you just type:")
CODE ("praat -motif")
NORMAL ("With this command, you will always get the same old Motif look and feel.")
NORMAL ("Many systems, however, have their own favoured look and feel. "
	"For this reason, the Praat shell recognizes several client computers: if you just type")
CODE ("praat")
NORMAL ("(or double-click on the %praat icon), "
	"the Praat shell assumes that the X server matches the client computer.")
NORMAL ("The following client computers are recognized: SGI, Sun, HP. On other computers (Linux, IBM RS6000), "
	"typing $praat will give the same look and feel as typing $$praat -motif$.")
ENTRY ("The Praat shell on SGI")
NORMAL ("On a Silicon Graphics^\\re Iris^\\tm computer, typing")
CODE ("praat")
NORMAL ("or double-clicking the %praat icon, will give you either of the following look-and-feel styles:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu the native SGI \"Indigo Magic\" style, with lighting buttons and user-controllable "
	"color schemes, if available;")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu the plain Motif style, if color schemes are not available (to find this out, "
	"the Praat shell checks the existence of the color-scheme browser %%/usr/sbin/schemebr% "
	"on the client side).")
NORMAL ("You can force the Praat shell to use the SGI style with")
CODE ("praat -sgi")
NORMAL ("or the Motif style with")
CODE ("praat -motif")
ENTRY ("The Praat shell on Sun")
NORMAL ("On a Sun computer, typing")
CODE ("praat")
NORMAL ("will give you the look and feel of Sun4, Solaris, or the Common Desktop Environment (CDE). "
	"These styles use non-standard fonts for their menus, buttons, and texts. Whether CDE is "
	"available, is determined by checking the existence of %%/usr/dt/bin/dtaction%.")
NORMAL ("You can force any of these styles with $$praat -solaris$, $$praat -sun4$, or $$praat -cde$.")
ENTRY ("The Praat shell on HP")
NORMAL ("On a Hewlett-Packard computer, typing")
CODE ("praat")
NORMAL ("will give you the look and feel of the HP version of the Common Desktop Environment. "
	"If you do not have that, try $$praat -motif$.")
ENTRY ("Running the Praat shell across a network")
NORMAL ("Like most X programs, you can run the Praat program across a network, "
	"with the executable running on the %client computer, "
	"and yourself sitting at a computer that acts as an %%X server%. For this to work, "
	"you will have to take care of two things:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Tell the client computer to use the server %display. If you use %telnet "
	"(but not %rlogin), this will be done automatically for you, because %telnet "
	"propagates the DISPLAY environment variable. "
	"Otherwise, if you are sitting at %%indigo3.uni-franeker.nl%, "
	"you type the following line to your remote login shell:")
CODE ("    setenv DISPLAY indigo3.uni-franeker.nl:0")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Your X server should grant the client computer access to its display. "
	"This may sometimes be automatic (e.g., if the server allows the whole world to connect to it). "
	"Otherwise, if the client is %%distant1.uni-harderwijk.nl%, you type the following line to your "
	"local shell:")
CODE ("    xhost +distant1.uni-harderwijk.nl")
NORMAL ("Finally, you type $$praat -motif$ to your remote login shell, "
	"and the two windows will appear on your screen.")
NORMAL ("If you run the Praat shell from an SGI client across a network on an X server "
	"(a PC or Sun, for example), "
	"the normal $praat command will probably work and give you the native SGI look and feel. "
	"This works because the SGI style only uses fonts that are available everywhere.")
NORMAL ("If your X server is a Sun with Solaris, you can probably use the Motif, and Solaris or CDE styles.")
NORMAL ("Likewise, if you run %praat from a different machine on a HP X server, you may try $$praat -hp$.")
NORMAL ("If you run %praat from a Sun client on an X server, you will probably use $$praat -motif$.")
ENTRY ("Resource files?")
NORMAL ("Many X Windows applications work with %%client-side% resource files, "
	"which describe the fonts etc. that they need. "
	"However, as the fonts are server-dependent, changing to a different X server "
	"will often require you to change the resource file %%on the client side%, "
	"unless you only use fonts that are available on all systems (like Helvetica and Times). "
	"However, your application may not adhere to any native look-and-feel strategy then. "
	"Incorporating all resource files into the application, as done in the Praat shell, "
	"solves this problem. Locally, you just type $praat, and across a network you use "
	"one of the explicit look-and-feel options.")
NORMAL ("In the Praat shell, the user-controllability of window sizes and fonts, "
	"which is sometimes expressed by editing resource files, "
	"is implemented by a hidden mechanism, which remembers across sessions "
	"the changes made by the user while the application is running.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("New menu", "ppgb", 20021212)
INTRO ("The ##New menu# is one of the menus in the @@Object window@. "
	"You use this menu to create new objects from scratch. It contains the following commands:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Record mono Sound...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Record stereo Sound...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create Sound...@ (from a formula)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create Sound from tone complex...")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create Sound from gamma-tone...")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create Sound from Shepard tone...")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create Matrix...@ (from a formula)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create simple Matrix...@ (from a formula)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create empty PointProcess...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create Poisson process...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create PitchTier...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create DurationTier...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create IntensityTier...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create FormantTier...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create Strings as file list...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create TextGrid...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@OT learning@ tutorial")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create tongue-root grammar...@")
NORMAL ("To create new objects from files on disk, use the @@Read menu@ instead. "
	"Objects can also often be create from other objects, with commands that start with ##To#.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Object window", "ppgb", 20030528)
INTRO ("One of the two main windows in the P\\s{RAAT} program.")
ENTRY ("Subdivision")
LIST_ITEM ("To the left: the @@List of Objects@.")
LIST_ITEM ("To the right: the @@Dynamic menu@.")
ENTRY ("Fixed buttons")
NORMAL ("The following buttons appear below the List of Objects:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Rename...")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Info")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Copy...")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Remove")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Inspect")
ENTRY ("Menus")
LIST_ITEM ("The Object window contains several fixed menus: "
	"the #Control (or #Praat), #New, #Read, and #Help menus. "
	"It also contains the #Write menu, whose contents vary with the kinds of selected objects, "
	"and must, therefore, be considered part of the dynamic menu.")
ENTRY ("The `Control' menu (on MacOS X: the Praat menu)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (@@Run script...@)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@New Praat script@: creates an empty @@ScriptEditor@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Open Praat script...@: creates a @@ScriptEditor@ with a script from disk")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu The ##Goodies submenu#: for doing things (like using the Calculator) "
	"that do not create new objects and do not depend on the kinds of selected objects.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu The ##Preferences submenu#: for program-wide preferences, "
	"like audio input and output settings.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu ##Buttons...#: raises a @@ButtonEditor@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (@@Add menu command...@)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (@@Add action command...@)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Quit")
ENTRY ("Other menus")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu The @@New menu@: for creating objects from scratch.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu The @@Read menu@: for reading objects from file into memory.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu The @@Write menu@: for writing objects from memory to file.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu The ##Help menu#: for viewing the manual.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Objects", "ppgb", 20030528)
INTRO ("The things that contain the data in the P\\s{RAAT} program.")
NORMAL ("The objects are visible in the @@List of Objects@ in the @@Object window@.")
NORMAL ("Most objects are contained in memory: they are %not files! "
	"Therefore, you may want to save them with one of the commands from the @@Write menu@ "
	"before you @Quit. "
	"Exceptions are the LongSound objects in the Praat program and the file-based dictionaries "
	"in the ALS program.")
NORMAL ("You can create an object by choosing a command from the @@New menu@ "
	"or from the @@Read menu@.")
NORMAL ("When you select one or more objects, you can perform on them the actions that are shown "
	"in the @@dynamic menu@, on the ##fixed buttons# below the list of objects, "
	"or in the @@Write menu@. You can choose hidden actions with the help of the @ButtonEditor.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Periodicity submenu", "ppgb", 20010417)
INTRO ("A submenu that occurs in the @@Dynamic menu@ for a @Sound.")
NORMAL ("This submenu contains commands for analysing the pitch contour of the selected Sound:")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To Pitch...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To Pitch (ac)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To Pitch (cc)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To Harmonicity (cc)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To Harmonicity (ac)...")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Pitch settings...", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("A command in the Pitch menu of the @SoundEditor and @TextGridEditor windows. "
	"See @@Intro 4.2. Configuring the pitch contour@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Play", "ppgb", 20021212)
INTRO ("A command that is available if you select a @Sound, @Pitch, or @PointProcess object. "
	"It gives you an acoustic representation of the selected object, if your loudspeakers are on "
	"and you did not \"mute\" your computer sound system.")
NORMAL ("A Play button is also available in the @SoundRecorder window "
	"and in the @View menu of the @SoundEditor or @TextGridEditor. In the editors, "
	"you will usually play a sound by clicking on any of the rectangles around the data.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Praat program", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("See @@types of objects@ and the @Intro.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Query", "ppgb", 20021218)
INTRO ("Query commands give you information about objects.")
NORMAL ("Most query commands start with the word #%Get or sometimes the word #%Count. "
	"You will find these commands in two places: under the #%Query submenu that usually appears if you "
	"select an @@Objects|object@ in the list, and in the Query menus of the @editors.")
ENTRY ("Behaviour")
NORMAL ("If you click a query command, the answer will be written to the @@Info window@.")
ENTRY ("Scripting")
NORMAL ("In a script, you can still use query commands to write the information to the Info window "
	"but you can also use any query command to put the information into a variable. "
	"(see @@Scripting 6.4. Query commands@). In such a case, the value will not be written into the Info window.")
ENTRY ("Query commands in the Praat program")
NORMAL ("The Praat program contains the following query commands:")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Query menu", "ppgb", 20010417)
INTRO ("One of the menus in most @editors.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Quit", "ppgb", 19970911)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the `Control' menu of the @@Object window@.")
ENTRY ("Purpose")
NORMAL ("To leave the program.")
ENTRY ("Behaviour")
NORMAL ("All @objects not written to a file will be lost. "
	"However, file-based objects (like large lexica) will be saved correctly.")
ENTRY ("Usage")
NORMAL ("To save your data to a disk file before quitting, choose a command from the @@Write menu@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Read from file...", "ppgb", 19970911)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @@Read menu@.")
ENTRY ("Purpose")
NORMAL ("To read one or more @objects from a file on disk.")
ENTRY ("Behaviour")
NORMAL ("Many kinds of files are recognized:")
LIST_ITEM ("1. Text files that are structured as described under @@Write to text file...@; "
	"these can contain an object of any class, or a collection of objects.")
LIST_ITEM ("2. Files that were produced by @@Write to binary file...@ (any class).")
LIST_ITEM ("3. Files in a LISP text format (only for classes that can be written to a LISP file).")
LIST_ITEM ("4. Files that were made recognizable by the libraries built on Praat. "
	"For instance, the phonetics library adds recognizers for many kinds of sound files.")
NORMAL ("If the file contains more than one object, these objects will appear in the list, "
	"and their names will be the same as the names that they had "
	"when they were saved with ##Write to text file...# or ##Write to binary file...#.")
ENTRY ("Examples")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu If the file contains only one Pitch object and is called \"hallo.pit\", "
	"an object with the name \"Pitch hallo\" will appear in the list of objects. "
	"You may have more objects with the same name.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu If the file contains one object of class Pitch, named \"hallo\", "
	"and one object of class Polygon, named \"kromme\", "
	"there will appear two objects in the list, "
	"called \"Pitch hallo\" and \"Polygon kromme\".")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Read menu", "ppgb", 19970911)
INTRO ("One of the menus in the @@Object window@.")
NORMAL ("With the Read menu, you read one or more @objects from a file on disk into memory. "
	"The resulting object(s) will appear in the @@List of Objects@.")
NORMAL ("The Read menu contains the command @@Read from file...@, which recognizes most file types, "
	"and perhaps several other commands for reading unrecognizable file types (e.g., raw sound data), "
	"or for interpreting known file types in a different way "
	"(e.g., reading two sounds from a stereo sound file, which is normally read as mono):")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Remove", "ppgb", 20021212)
INTRO ("One of the fixed buttons in the @@Object window@.")
NORMAL ("You can choose this command after selecting one or more @objects in the list.")
NORMAL ("The selected objects will permanently disappear from the list, "
	"and the computer memory that they occupied will be freed.")
NORMAL ("To save your data before removing, choose a command from the @@Write menu@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Rename...", "ppgb", 19960904)
INTRO ("One of the fixed buttons in the @@Object window@.")
ENTRY ("Availability")
NORMAL ("You can choose this command after selecting one object of any class.")
ENTRY ("Purpose")
NORMAL ("You can give the selected object a new name.")
ENTRY ("Behaviour")
NORMAL ("If you type special symbols or spaces, the Object window will replace them with underscores.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Resource fork", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("One of the two %forks of a Macintosh file (the other is the %%data fork%). "
	"If a Macintosh file is moved to another system directly, the resource fork is lost. "
	"To backup your Macintosh files, use compression, for instance with #DropStuff\\tm.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Segmentation", "ppgb", 20010408)
INTRO ("See @@Intro 7. Annotation@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Show formant", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the Formant menu of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("See @@Intro 5. Formant analysis@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Show intensity", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the Intensity menu of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("See @@Intro 6. Intensity analysis@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Show pitch", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the Pitch menu of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("See @@Intro 4. Pitch analysis@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Show pulses", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the Pulses menu of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("See @Voice.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Show spectrogram", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the Spectrogram menu of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("See @@Intro 3. Spectral analysis@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Source-filter synthesis", "ppgb", 20030407)
INTRO ("This tutorial describes how you can do acoustic synthesis with P\\s{RAAT}. "
	"It assumes that you are familiar with the @Intro.")
ENTRY ("1. The source-filter theory of speech production")
NORMAL ("The source-filter theory hypothesizes that an acoustic speech signal can be seen "
	"as a %source signal (the glottal source, or noise generated at a constriction in the vocal tract), "
	"%filtered with the resonances in the cavities of the vocal tract downstream from the glottis "
	"or the constriction.")
NORMAL ("In the Praat program, you can create a %source signal from an existing "
	"speech signal or from scratch, and you can extract a %filter from an existing speech signal "
	"or from scratch. You can manipulate (change, adapt) both the source and the filter before doing "
	"the actual synthesis, which combines the two.")
ENTRY ("2. How to extract the %filter from an existing speech sound")
NORMAL ("You can separate source and filter with the help of the technique of %%linear prediction% "
	"(see @@Sound: LPC analysis@). This technique tries to approximate a given frequency spectrum with "
	"a small number of peaks, for which it finds the mid frequencies and the bandwidths. "
	"If we do this for an overlapping sequence of windowed parts of a sound signal "
	"(i.e. a %%short-term analysis%), we get a quasi-stationary approximation of the signal's "
	"spectral characteristics as a function of time, i.e. a smoothed version of the @Spectrogram.")
NORMAL ("For a speech signal, the peaks are identified with the resonances (%formants) of the vocal tract. "
	"Since the spectrum of a vowel spoken by an average human being falls off with approximately "
	"6 dB per octave, %%pre-emphasis% is applied to the signal before the linear-prediction analysis, "
	"so that the algorithm will not try to match only the lower parts of the spectrum.")
NORMAL ("For an average (i.e. adult female) human voice, tradition assumes five formants in the range "
	"between 0 and 5500 Hertz. This number comes from a computation of the formants of a "
	"straight tube, which has resonances at wavelengths of four tube lengths, four thirds of a tube length, "
	"four fifths, and so on. For a straight tube 16 centimetres long, the shortest wavelength is 64 cm, "
	"which, with a sound velocity of 352 m/s, means a resonance frequency of 352/0.64 = 550 Hertz. "
	"The other resonances will be at 1650, 2750, 3850, and 4950 Hertz. For the linear prediction in "
	"Praat, you will have to implement this 5500-Hz band-limiting by resampling the original "
	"speech signal to 11 kHz. For a male voice, you would use 10 kHz; for a young child, 20 kHz.")
NORMAL ("To perform the resampling, you use @@Sound: Resample...@: "
	"you select a @Sound object, and click ##Resample...#. "
	"In the rest of this tutorial, I will use the syntax that you would use in a script, "
	"though you will usually do these things by clicking on objects and buttons. Thus:")
CODE ("#select Sound hallo")
CODE ("Resample... 11000 50")
NORMAL ("You can then perform a linear-prediction analysis on the resampled sound "
	"with @@Sound: To LPC (burg)...@:")
CODE ("#select Sound hallo_11000")
CODE ("To LPC (burg)... 10 0.025 0.005 50")
NORMAL ("This says that your analysis is done with 10 linear-prediction parameters "
	"(which will yield at most five formant-bandwidth pairs), with an analysis window "
	"effectively 25 milliseconds long, with time steps of 5 milliseconds (so that the windows "
	"will appreciably overlap), and with a pre-emphasis frequency of 50 Hz (which is the point "
	"above which the sound will be amplified by 6 dB/octave prior to the analysis proper).")
NORMAL ("As a result, an object called \"LPC hallo\" will appear in the list of objects. "
	"This @LPC object is a time function with 10 %%linear-prediction coefficients% in each %%time frame%. "
	"These coefficients are rather opaque even to the expert (try to view them with @Inspect), "
	"but they are the raw material from which formant and bandwidth values can be computed. "
	"To see the smoothed @Spectrogram associated with the LPC object, choose @@LPC: To Spectrogram...@:")
CODE ("#select LPC hallo_11000")
CODE ("To Spectrogram... 20 0 50")
CODE ("Paint... 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 yes")
NORMAL ("Note that when drawing this Spectrogram, you will want to set the pre-emphasis to zero "
	"(the fifth 0 in the last line), because pre-emphasis has already been applied in the analysis.")
NORMAL ("You can get and draw the formant-bandwidth pairs from the LPC object, "
	"with @@LPC: To Formant@ and @@Formant: Speckle...@:")
CODE ("#select LPC hallo_11000")
CODE ("To Formant")
CODE ("Speckle... 0 0 5500 30 yes")
NORMAL ("Note that in converting the @LPC into a @Formant object, you may have lost some "
	"information about spectral peaks at very low frequencies (below 50 Hz) or at very high "
	"frequencies (near the @@Nyquist frequency@ of 5500 Hz. Such peaks usually try to fit "
	"an overall spectral slope (if the 6 dB/octave model is inappropriate), and are not seen "
	"as related with resonances in the vocal tract, so they are ignored in a formant analysis. "
	"For resynthesis purposes, they might still be important.")
NORMAL ("Instead of using the intermediate LPC object, you could have done a formant analysis "
	"directly on the resampled Sound, with @@Sound: To Formant (burg)...@:")
CODE ("#select Sound hallo")
CODE ("Resample... 11000 50")
CODE ("To Formant (burg)... 0.005 5 0.025 50")
NORMAL ("A @Formant object has a fixed sampling (time step, frame length), and for every "
	"%%formant frame%, it contains a number of formant-bandwidth pairs.")
NORMAL ("From a Formant object, you can create a @FormantTier with @@Formant: Down to FormantTier@. "
	"A FormantTier object contains a number of time-stamped %%formant points%, "
	"each with a number of formant-bandwidth pairs.")
NORMAL ("Any of these three classes (@LPC, @Formant, and @FormantTier) can represent the %filter "
	"in source-filter synthesis.")
ENTRY ("3. How to extract the %source from an existing speech sound")
NORMAL ("If you are only interested in the %filter characteristics, you can get by with @Formant objects. "
	"To get at the %source signal, however, you need the raw @LPC object: "
	"you select it together with the resampled @Sound, and apply %%inverse filtering%:")
CODE ("#select Sound hallo_11000")
CODE ("#plus LPC hallo_11000")
CODE ("Filter (inverse)")
NORMAL ("A new Sound named \"hallo_11000\" will appear in the list of objects "
	"(you could rename it to \"source\"). "
	"This is the estimated source signal. Since the LPC analysis was designed to yield a spectrally "
	"flat filter (through the use of pre-emphasis), this source signal represents everything in the "
	"speech signal that cannot be attributed to the resonating cavities. Thus, the \"source signal\" "
	"will consist of the glottal volume-velocity source (with an expected spectral slope of "
	"-12 dB/octave for vowels) and the radiation characteristics at the lips, which cause a "
	"6 dB/octave spectral rise, so that the resulting spectrum of the \"source signal\" "
	"is actually the %derivative of the glottal flow, with an expected spectral slope of -6 dB/octave.")
NORMAL ("Note that with inverse filtering you cannot measure the actual spectral slope of the source signal. "
	"Even if the actual slope is very different from -6 dB/octave, formant extraction will try to "
	"match the pre-emphasized spectrum. Thus, by choosing a pre-emhasis of -6 dB/octave, "
	"you %impose a slope of -6 dB/octave on the source signal.")
ENTRY ("4. How to do the synthesis")
NORMAL ("You can create a new Sound from a source Sound and a filter, in at least four ways.")
NORMAL ("If your filter is an @LPC object, you select it and the source, and choose @@LPC & Sound: Filter...@:")
CODE ("#select Sound source")
CODE ("#plus LPC filter")
CODE ("Filter... no")
NORMAL ("If you had computed the source and filter from an LPC analysis, this procedure should give "
	"you back the original Sound, except that windowing has caused 25 milliseconds at the beginning "
	"and end of the signal to be set to zero.")
NORMAL ("If your filter is a @Formant object, you select it and the source, and choose @@Sound & Formant: Filter@:")
CODE ("#select Sound source")
CODE ("#plus Formant filter")
CODE ("Filter")
NORMAL ("If you had computed the source and filter from an LPC analysis, this procedure will not generally give "
	"you back the original Sound, because some linear-prediction coefficients will have been ignored "
	"in the conversion to formant-bandwidth pairs.")
NORMAL ("If your filter is a @FormantTier object, you select it and the source, and choose @@Sound & FormantTier: Filter@:")
CODE ("#select Sound source")
CODE ("#plus FormantTier filter")
CODE ("Filter")
NORMAL ("Finally, you could just know the %%impulse response% of your filter (in a @Sound object). "
	"You then select both Sound objects, and choose @@Sounds: Convolve@:")
CODE ("#select Sound source")
CODE ("#plus Sound filter")
CODE ("Convolve")
ENTRY ("5. How to manipulate the filter")
NORMAL ("You can hardly change the values in an @LPC object in a meaningful way: "
	"you would have to manually change its rather opaque data with the help of @Inspect.")
NORMAL ("A @Formant object can be changed in a friendlier way, with @@Formant: Formula (frequencies)...@ "
	"and @@Formant: Formula (bandwidths)...@. For instance, to multiply all formant frequencies by 0.9, "
	"you do")
CODE ("#select Formant filter")
CODE ("Formula (frequencies)... self * 0.9")
NORMAL ("To add 200 Hertz to all values of %F__2_, you do")
CODE ("Formula (frequencies)... if row = 2 then self + 200 else self fi")
NORMAL ("A @FormantTier object can be changed by adding or removing points:")
LIST_ITEM ("@@FormantTier: Add point...@")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Remove point...@")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Remove point near...@")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Remove points between...@")
ENTRY ("6. How to manipulate the source signal")
NORMAL ("You can manipulate the source signal in the same way you that would manipulate any sound, "
	"for instance with the @ManipulationEditor.")
ENTRY ("7. How to create a filter from scratch")
NORMAL ("You can create a @FormantTier object with @@Create FormantTier...@, "
	"and add some points to it with @@FormantTier: Add point...@:")
CODE ("Create FormantTier... filter 0 0.5")
CODE ("Add point... 0.00 100 50 500 100 2500 200 3600 300 4700 400")
CODE ("Add point... 0.05 700 50 1100 100 2500 200 3600 300 4700 400")
NORMAL ("This creates a spectral specification whose %F__1_ rises from 100 to 700 Hertz during the "
	"first 50 milliseconds (as for any obstruent), and whose %F__2_ rises from 500 to 1100 Hertz. "
	"This may be a [ba]-like formant transition.")
ENTRY ("8. How to create a source signal from scratch")
NORMAL ("It is easy to create a pulse train: use @@Create PitchTier...@ and @@PitchTier: Add point...@, "
	"for instance:")
CODE ("Create PitchTier... filter 0 0.5")
CODE ("Add point... 0 300")
CODE ("Add point... 0.5 200")
NORMAL ("The resulting @PitchTier falls linearly from 300 to 200 Hz during its time domain.")
NORMAL ("Form this PitchTier, you can create a @PointProcess with @@PitchTier: To PointProcess@. "
	"The resulting PointProcess can represent a series of glottal pulses. To make some parts of this "
	"point process voiceless, you can use @@PointProcess: Remove points between...@.")
NORMAL ("To create the pulse-train source signal, you use @@PointProcess: To Sound (pulse train)...@.")
NORMAL ("You are then ready to create the acoustic result with @@Sound & FormantTier: Filter@.")
NORMAL ("The resulting sound will have fairly straight intensity contour. You can change it with "
	"the #Formula command (@@Sound: Formula...@), or by multiplying the source signal or the "
	"acoustic result with an @Intensity or @IntensityTier object. To get the spectral slope at -6 dB/octave, "
	"you may need to use @@Sound: De-emphasize (in-line)...@.")
ENTRY ("9. Example: a ba-da continuum")
NORMAL ("We are going to create a [ba]-[da] continuum in ten steps. The acoustic difference "
	"between [ba] and [da] is the initial %F__2_, which is 500 Hz for [ba], and 2500 Hz for [da].")
NORMAL ("We use the same @PitchTier throughout, to model a falling intonation contour:")
CODE ("Create PitchTier... f0 0.00 0.50")
CODE ("Add point... 0.00 300")
CODE ("Add point... 0.50 200")
NORMAL ("The first and last 50 milliseconds are voiceless:")
CODE ("To PointProcess")
CODE ("Remove points between... 0.00 0.05")
CODE ("Remove points between... 0.45 0.50")
NORMAL ("Generate the pulse train:")
CODE ("To Sound (pulse train)... 22050 1 0.05 300")
NORMAL ("During the labial or coronal closure, the sound is almost silent, so we use an @IntensityTier "
	"that models this:")
CODE ("Create IntensityTier... intens 0.00 0.50")
CODE ("Add point... 0.05 60")
CODE ("Add point... 0.10 80")
NORMAL ("Generate the source signal:")
CODE ("#plus Sound f0")
CODE ("Multiply")
CODE ("Rename... source")
NORMAL ("The filters will be spectrally flat, and the source is also spectrally flat, "
	"so in order to end up with a natural spectral slope of -6 dB/octave, we de-emphasize the source signal:")
CODE ("De-emphasize (in-line)... 50")
NORMAL ("The ten sounds are generated in a loop:")
CODE ("#for i #from 1 #to 10")
CODE ("   f2_locus = 500 + (2500/9) * (i - 1) ; variable names start with lower case!")
CODE ("   Create FormantTier... filter 0.00 0.50")
CODE ("   Add point... 0.05   100 50 'f2_locus' 100")
CODE ("      ... 3000 300 4000 400 5000 500")
CODE ("   Add point... 0.10   700 50 1100 100")
CODE ("      ... 3000 300 4000 400 5000 500")
CODE ("   #plus Sound source")
CODE ("   Filter (no scale)")
CODE ("   Rename... bada'i'")
CODE ("   #select FormantTier filter")
CODE ("   Remove")
CODE ("#endfor")
NORMAL ("Clean up:")
CODE ("#select Sound source")
CODE ("#plus Sound f0")
CODE ("#plus IntensityTier intens")
CODE ("#plus PointProcess f0")
CODE ("#plus PitchTier f0")
CODE ("Remove")
NORMAL ("In this example, filtering was done without automatic scaling, so that "
	"the resulting signals have equal intensities in the areas where they have "
	"equal formants. You will probably want to multiply all these signals with "
	"the same value in order to bring their amplitudes in a suitable range "
	"between -1 and +1 Pascal.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("spectro-temporal representation", "ppgb", 20030314)
INTRO ("A representation (of a sound signal, for instance) as some sort of intensity as a function "
	"of @time and @frequency. In P\\s{RAAT}, we have the @Spectrogram, which is acoustic energy density as a "
	"function of time in seconds and frequency in Hz, and the @Cochleagram, which is basilar membrane "
	"excitation as a function of time in seconds and frequency in Bark.")
NORMAL ("For tutorial information, see @@Intro 3.1. Viewing a spectrogram@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Spectrogram settings...", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("A command in the Spectrogram menu of the @SoundEditor and @TextGridEditor windows. "
	"See @@Intro 3.2. Configuring the spectrogram@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("time", "ppgb", 20030314)
INTRO ("In normal life, time is how late the watch says it is.")
NORMAL ("In P\\s{RAAT}, this definition is largely irrelevant. "
	"Sound files rarely tell us the absolute time of recording. "
	"So when you read a sound file into P\\s{RAAT} and click #Edit, you will see "
	"that the Sound starts at a time of 0 seconds, and if its duration is 3.5 seconds, "
	"you will see that the Sound finishes at a time of 3.5 seconds.")
NORMAL ("Besides sounds, many other types of objects in P\\s{RAAT} have a time scale as well: "
	"spectrograms, pitch contours, formant contours, point processes, and so on. None of these "
	"are required to have a time domain that starts at 0 seconds. In the Sound editor window, for example, "
	"you can select the part that runs from 1.4. to 1.7 seconds, and \"extract\" it to the Objects window "
	"while \"preserving the times\". The resulting Sound object will have a starting time of 1.4 seconds "
	"and a finishing time of 1.7 seconds, as you can see when you click #Edit. "
	"Spectrograms and pitch contours that you create from this sound will also have a time domain "
	"from 1.4 to 1.7 seconds. This time domain is preserved if you save these objects to a text file "
	"or to a binary file and read them into P\\s{RAAT} again later. Only if you save the Sound object "
	"to an audio file (WAV, AIFF), the time information is not preserved in that file; "
	"if you read such an audio file into P\\s{RAAT} again, the time domain of the new Sound object "
	"will run from 0 to 0.3 seconds.")
NORMAL ("In order to prevent confusion, P\\s{RAAT} always requires times to be expressed in seconds. "
	"So if you want to supply a window length of 5 milliseconds (5 ms), you fill in 0.005 or 5e-3. "
	"For 83.2 microseconds (83.2 \\mus), you say 0.0000832, or better 83.2e-6 or 8.32e-5.")
NORMAL ("On a clock, time runs around in circles. In P\\s{RAAT}'s editor windows, time runs from left to right. "
	"You can often see only a part of the time scale in the window. "
	"To see another part, you %scroll backward or forward.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Types of objects", "ppgb", 20030316)
INTRO ("P\\s{RAAT} contains the following types of objects and @Editors. "
	"For an introduction and tutorials, see @Intro.")
NORMAL ("General purpose:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Matrix: a sampled real-valued function of two variables")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Polygon")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @PointProcess: a point process (@PointEditor)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Sound: a sampled continuous process (@SoundEditor, @SoundRecorder, @@Sound files@)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @LongSound: a file-based version of a sound (@LongSoundEditor)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Strings")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Distributions, @PairDistribution")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Table, @TableOfReal")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Sequence")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @ParamCurve")
NORMAL ("Periodicity analysis:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Tutorials:")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Intro 4. Pitch analysis")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Intro 6. Intensity analysis")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @Voice (jitter, shimmer, noise)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Pitch: articulatory fundamental frequency, acoustic periodicity, or perceptual pitch (@PitchEditor)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Harmonicity: degree of periodicity")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Intensity, @IntensityTier: intensity contour")
NORMAL ("Spectral analysis:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Tutorials:")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Intro 3. Spectral analysis")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Intro 5. Formant analysis")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Spectrum: complex-valued equally spaced frequency spectrum (@SpectrumEditor)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Ltas: long-term average spectrum")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectro-temporal: @Spectrogram, @BarkFilter, @MelFilter, @FormantFilter")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Formant: acoustic formant contours")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @LPC: coefficients of Linear Predictive Coding, as a function of time")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Wavelet: wavelet transform")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Cepstrum, @CC, @LFCC, @MFCC (cepstral coefficients)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Excitation: excitation pattern of basilar membrane")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Excitations: an ensemble of #Excitation objects")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Cochleagram: excitation pattern as a function of time")
NORMAL ("Labelling and segmentation (see @@Intro 7. Annotation@):")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @TextGrid (@TextGridEditor), @IntervalTier, @TextTier")
NORMAL ("Listening experiments:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @ExperimentMFC")
NORMAL ("Manipulation of sound:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Tutorials:")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Intro 8.1. Manipulation of pitch")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Intro 8.2. Manipulation of duration")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Intro 8.3. Manipulation of intensity")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Filtering")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Source-filter synthesis")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @PitchTier (@PitchTierEditor)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Manipulation (@ManipulationEditor): @PSOLA")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @DurationTier")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @FormantTier")
NORMAL ("Articulatory synthesis (see the @@Articulatory synthesis@ tutorial):")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Speaker: speaker characteristics of a woman, a man, or a child")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu #Articulation: snapshot of articulatory specifications (muscle activities)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Artword: articulatory target specifications as functions of time")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (@VocalTract: area function)")
NORMAL ("Neural net package:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @FFNet: feed-forward neural net")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Pattern")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Categories: for classification (#CategoriesEditor)")
NORMAL ("Numerical and statistical analysis:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Eigen: eigenvectors and eigenvalues")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Polynomial, @Roots, @ChebyshevSeries, @LegendreSeries, @ISpline, @MSpline")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Covariance: covariance matrix")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Confusion: confusion matrix")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Discriminant analysis@: @Discriminant")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Principal component analysis@: @PCA")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Correlation, @ClassificationTable, @SSCP")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @DTW: dynamic time warping")
NORMAL ("@@Multidimensional scaling@:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Configuration (@Salience)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Kruskal analysis@: @Dissimilarity (@Weight), @Similarity")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@INDSCAL analysis@: @Distance, @ScalarProduct")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Correspondence analysis@: @ContingencyTable")
NORMAL ("Optimality-theoretic learning (see the @@OT learning@ tutorial)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @OTGrammar (@OTGrammarEditor)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @OTAnyGrammar (@OTAnyGrammarEditor): @OTGrammar_tongueRoot")
NORMAL ("Bureaucracy")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @WordList, @SpellingChecker")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("View", "ppgb", 20010512)
INTRO ("One of the menus in several @editors and in the @manual.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Write menu", "ppgb", 19970911)
INTRO ("One of the menus in the @@Object window@.")
ENTRY ("Purpose")
NORMAL ("With the Write menu, you write one or more selected @objects from memory to a file on disk. "
	"The data can be read in again with one of the commands in the @@Read menu@ "
	"(most often simply with @@Read from file...@).")
ENTRY ("Usage: save your work")
NORMAL ("You will often choose a command from this menu just before clicking the @Remove button "
	"or choosing the @Quit command.")
ENTRY ("Fixed commands")
NORMAL ("If no object is selected, the Write menu is empty. "
	"If any object is selected, it will at least contain the following commands:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Write to console")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Write to text file...")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu ##Write to short text file...")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Write to binary file...")
ENTRY ("Dynamic commands")
NORMAL ("Depending on the class of the selected object, the following commands may be available "
	"in the Write menu:")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Write to binary file...", "ppgb", 19970911)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @@Write menu@.")
ENTRY ("Availability")
NORMAL ("You can choose this command after selecting one or more @objects.")
ENTRY ("Behaviour")
NORMAL ("The Object window will ask you for a file name. "
	"After you click OK, the objects will be written to a binary file on disk.")
ENTRY ("Usage")
NORMAL ("The file can be read again with @@Read from file...@.")
ENTRY ("File format")
NORMAL ("These files are in a device-independent binary format, "
	"and can be written and read on any machine.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Write to console", "ppgb", 19960904)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @@Write menu@.")
NORMAL ("You can choose this command after selecting one object. "
	"The data that it contains, is written to the Console window, "
	"in the same format as with the @@Write to text file...@ command, "
	"except for the first line, which reads something like:")
CODE ("Write to console: class Sound,  \"name hallo\"")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Write to short text file...", "ppgb", 19981124)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @@Write menu@.")
ENTRY ("Availability")
NORMAL ("You can choose this command after selecting one or more @objects.")
ENTRY ("Behaviour")
NORMAL ("The Object window will ask you for a file name. "
	"After you click OK, the objects will be written to a text file on disk.")
ENTRY ("File format")
NORMAL ("The format is much shorter than the one described at @@Write to text file...@. "
	"Most of the comments are gone, and there is normally one piece of data per line.")
NORMAL ("The file can be read again with the all-purpose @@Read from file...@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Write to text file...", "ppgb", 19970911)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @@Write menu@.")
ENTRY ("Availability")
NORMAL ("You can choose this command after selecting one or more @objects.")
ENTRY ("Behaviour")
NORMAL ("The Object window will ask you for a file name. "
	"After you click OK, the objects will be written to a text file on disk.")
ENTRY ("File format")
NORMAL ("The format is the same as used by @@Write to console@, "
	"except for the first two lines:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu if you selected a single object, e.g., of class Pitch, "
	"the file will start with the lines:")
CODE ("File type = \"ooTextFile\"")
CODE ("Class = \"Pitch\"")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu if you selected more than one object, e.g., `Pitch hallo' and `Polygon kromme', "
	"the file will look like:")
CODE ("File type = \"ooTextFile\"")
CODE ("Class = \"Collection\"")
CODE ("size = 2")
CODE ("item []:")
CODE ("    item [1]:")
CODE ("        class = \"Pitch\"")
CODE ("        name = \"hallo\"")
CODE ("        (pitch data...)")
CODE ("    item [2]:")
CODE ("        class = \"Polygon\"")
CODE ("        name = \"kromme\"")
CODE ("        (polygon data...)")
NORMAL ("The file can be read again with @@Read from file...@, "
	"which, by the way, does not need the verbosity of the above example. "
	"The following minimal format will also be read correctly:")
CODE ("\"ooTextFile\"")
CODE ("\"Collection\"  2")
CODE ("\"Pitch\"  \"hallo\"  (pitch data...)")
CODE ("\"Polygon\"  \"kromme\"  (polygon data...)")
NORMAL ("Thus, all text that is not a free-standing number and is not enclosed in double quotes or < >, "
	"is considered a comment, as is all text following an exclamation mark (`!') on the same line.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Numerics library", "ppgb", 20010410)
MAN_END
}

/*
> I would like to be able to extract the duration
> and pitch measurements of several words in each utterance

# A Sound and a TextGrid have to be selected first.
textgrid = selected ("TextGrid")
sound = selected ("Sound")
select 'sound'
To Pitch... 0.001 75 600
pitch = selected ("Pitch")
select 'textgrid'
numberOfIntervals = Get number of intervals... 1
filedelete out.txt
for interval to numberOfIntervals
   select 'textgrid'
   tmin = Get starting point... 1 interval
   tmax = Get end point... 1 interval
   duration = tmax - tmin
   select 'pitch'
   f0 = Get quantile... tmin tmax 0.50 Hertz
   fileappend out.txt 'duration:6' 'f0:3''newline$'
endfor
0.225953 377.677
0.170586 376.039
0.328049 376.521
0.275413 378.538
*/

/*
echo Band powers:
binWidth = Get bin width
approximateDuration = 1 / binWidth
call band 125 160
call band 160 200
call band 200 250
call band 5000 6300

procedure band fmin fmax
   bandEnergy = Get band energy... fmin fmax
   rmsPressure_Pascal = sqrt (bandEnergy / approximateDuration)
   intensity_dB = 20 * log10 (rmsPressure_Pascal / 2e-5)
   printline 'fmin'...'fmax': 'intensity_dB:2' dB
endproc
*/

/* drawing overwrites until Erase all */
/* pitch in readable format */

/* End of file manual_tutorials.c */