/* manual_Artsynth.c * * Copyright (C) 1992-2002 Paul Boersma * * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at * your option) any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. * See the GNU General Public License for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. */ /* * pb 2002/07/16 GPL * pb 2002/12/06 */ #include "ManPagesM.h" void manual_Artsynth_init (ManPages me); void manual_Artsynth_init (ManPages me) { MAN_BEGIN ("Articulatory synthesis", "ppgb", 20030316) INTRO ("This is a description of the articulatory synthesis package in P\\s{RAAT}. " "For a detailed description of the physics and mathematics behind the model, " "see @@Boersma (1998)@, chapters 2 and 3. " "For examples of how to synthesize utterances, consult http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/paul/diss/ch5/.") ENTRY ("How to start (after reading the @Intro)") NORMAL ("We are going to have the synthesizer say [apa]. We need a @Speaker and an @Artword object.") NORMAL ("1. Create a speaker with @@Create Speaker...@ from the @@New menu@.") NORMAL ("2. Create an articulation word of 0.5 seconds with @@Create Artword...@.") NORMAL ("3. Edit the Artword by selecting it and clicking #Edit.") NORMAL ("4. To set the glottis to a position suitable for phonation, use the ArtwordEditor to " "set the %Interarytenoid activity to 0.5 throughout the utterance. You set two targets: " "0.5 at a time of 0 seconds, and 0.5 at a time of 0.5 seconds.") NORMAL ("5. To prevent air escaping from the nose, close the nasopharyngeal port " "by setting the %LevatorPalatini activity to 1.0 throughout the utterance.") NORMAL ("6. To generate the lung pressure needed for phonation, you set the %Lungs activity at 0 seconds to 0.2, " "and at 0.1 seconds to 0.") NORMAL ("7. To force a jaw movement that closes the lips, set the %Masseter activity at 0.25 seconds to 0.7, " "and the %OrbicularisOris activity at 0.25 seconds to 0.2.") NORMAL ("8. Select the Speaker and the Artword and click #Movie; " "you will see a closing-and-opening gesture of the mouth.") NORMAL ("9. Select the Speaker and the Artword and click ##To Sound...# " "(see @@Artword & Speaker: To Sound...@).") NORMAL ("10. Just click %OK; the synthesis starts.") NORMAL ("11. If you are sitting at a 1997 computer, this will last for 5 minutes or so. " "If this is too slow for you, click %Interrupt. " "Otherwise, you can watch the vibrating vocal cords " "and the changing vocal-tract shape.") NORMAL ("12. You can play, view, and analyse the resulting @Sound as you would any other. " "You can see and hear a sound movie if you select the Speaker, " "the Artword, and the Sound, and click #Play.") MAN_END MAN_BEGIN ("Artword", "ppgb", 20030316) INTRO ("One of the @@types of objects@ in P\\s{RAAT}. See @@Articulatory synthesis@.") NORMAL ("An object of class Artword object represents the activities of several speech muscles as functions of time.") ENTRY ("Artword commands") LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create Artword...@: creates an Artword with relaxed muscles") LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Artword & Speaker: To Sound...@: articulatory synthesis") MAN_END MAN_BEGIN ("Artword & Speaker: To Sound...", "ppgb", 19980201) INTRO ("A command to synthesize a @Sound object from the selected @Speaker and the selected @Artword.") NORMAL ("This is the command that performs the actual articulatory synthesis. " "See @@Articulatory synthesis@.") ENTRY ("Arguments") TAG ("%%Sampling frequency% (Hz)") DEFINITION ("the number of times per second that the equilibrium widths and lengths and the tensions of the muscles " "are recomputed from the Artword. This will also be the sample rate of the resulting sound and " "of the optional resulting tube widths, air pressures, and air velocities. The default is 22050 Hz.") TAG ("%Oversampling") DEFINITION ("the number of times that the aerodynamic quantities and the state of the tube walls " "will be recomputed during each sample period. The default is 25.") TAG ("%%Width 1%, %%Width 2%, %%Width 3") DEFINITION ("the numbers (see below) of the tubes whose widths you want to monitor. " "E.g., if %%Width 1% is 36, the synthesizer will create a Sound object named \"width36\", " "which contains the width of tube 36 (the lower glottis) as a function of time, expressed in metres. " "To prevent the creation of a \"width\" object, specify \"0\" (the default).") TAG ("%%Pressure 1%, %%Pressure 2%, %%Pressure 3") DEFINITION ("the numbers (see below) of the tubes whose air pressures you want to monitor. " "E.g., if %%Pressure 3% is 37, the synthesizer will create a Sound object named \"pressure37\", " "which contains the air pressure of tube 37 (the upper glottis) as a function of time, expressed in Pascal. " "To prevent the creation of a \"pressure\" object, specify \"0\" (the default).") TAG ("%%Velocity 1%, %%Velocity 2%, %%Velocity 3") DEFINITION ("the numbers (see below) of the tubes whose air velocities you want to monitor. " "E.g., if %%Velocity 1% is 60, the synthesizer will create a Sound object named \"velocity60\", " "which contains the air velocity of tube 60 (in the mouth) as a function of time, expressed in metres per second. " "To prevent the creation of a \"velocity\" object, specify \"0\" (the default).") ENTRY ("Stability") NORMAL ("The internal sample rate for the aerodynamics is the specified %%sampling frequency%, " "multiplied by the specified %oversampling. With the default settings, this is 22050 times 25 = 550750 Hz.") NORMAL ("To ensure the stability of the synthesis, this internal sample rate should not be less than the " "velocity of sound (353 m/s) divided by the length of the shortest tube. For the default \"Female\", " "\"Male\", and \"Child\" speakers, the shortest tube is the upper glottis, which has a length " "of 0.7, 1.0, and 0.3 millimetres, respectively. The minimum internal sample rates, therefore, " "are 504286, 353000, and 1176667 Hertz, respectively.") ENTRY ("Time resolution") NORMAL ("To capture the microscopic pressure changes in the glottis, you will want maximum time resolution. " "For a female speaker, you could set %%sampling frequency% to 550750 Hz, and %oversampling to 1.") ENTRY ("Tube numbers") NORMAL ("Here are the tube numbers that you can use for the %width, %pressure, and %velocity arguments:") LIST_ITEM ("1..23: lungs (from bottom to top)") LIST_ITEM ("24..29: bronchi (from bottom to top)") LIST_ITEM ("30..35: trachea (from bottom to top)") LIST_ITEM ("36: lower glottis") LIST_ITEM ("37: upper glottis (not for a one-mass model)") LIST_ITEM ("38..49: pharynx (from bottom to top)") LIST_ITEM ("50..51: nasopharyngeal branching") LIST_ITEM ("52..64: mouth (from back to front)") LIST_ITEM ("65..78: nose (from back to front)") LIST_ITEM ("79..86: conus elasticus (only for a 10-mass model)") LIST_ITEM ("87..89: glottal shunt between the arytenoids (from bottom to top)") NORMAL ("Some structural properties:") LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Tube 1 is closed at the bottom.") LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Tubes 64 (lips) and 78 (nostrils) radiate into the air.") LIST_ITEM ("\\bu The nasopharyngeal branch is at tubes 50, 51, and 65. They are constrained to have equal lengths.") LIST_ITEM ("\\bu For a one-mass model of the vocal cords, tube 36 is connected to 38.") LIST_ITEM ("\\bu For a 10-mass model, tubes 32..35 are replaced with 79..86, so that " "tube 31 is connected to 79, and 86 is connected to 36.") LIST_ITEM ("\\bu A glottal shunt will be implemented if the speaker's \"shunt.Dx\" attribute is not zero. " "A branch is then made from tubes 34 and 35 (or 85 and 86) to 87, " "and from tube 89 to 38 and 39.") MAN_END MAN_BEGIN ("Create Artword...", "ppgb", 19981221) INTRO ("A command to create an @Artword object with all muscle activities set to zero. " "See @@Articulatory synthesis@.") ENTRY ("Arguments") TAG ("%Name") DEFINITION ("the name that you give to the created object. The default name is \"speaker\", " "but if you work with multiple Speaker objects, give them sensible names to reduce confusion.") MAN_END MAN_BEGIN ("Create Speaker...", "ppgb", 19980201) INTRO ("A command to create a @Speaker object. See @@Articulatory synthesis@.") ENTRY ("Arguments") TAG ("%Name") DEFINITION ("the name that you give to the created object. The default name is \"artword\", " "but you should give it a more sensible name, possibly something that represents the utterance " "that it is supposed to generate.") TAG ("%Duration (seonds)") DEFINITION ("the duration of the resulting Artword. Should be as long as the utterance that " "you want to generate with it. The default is 1 second.") MAN_END MAN_BEGIN ("Create Vocal Tract from phone...", "ppgb", 19960908) INTRO ("A way to create a @VocalTract object.") ENTRY ("Purpose") NORMAL ("to translate a phone symbol like [a], [u], etc., into a vocal-tract area function.") ENTRY ("Behaviour") NORMAL ("The resulting VocalTract will appear in the list of objects, " "with the same name as the phone.") ENTRY ("Algorithm") NORMAL ("The area function of the resulting VocalTract is taken from the Russian speaker from @@Fant (1960)@.") MAN_END MAN_BEGIN ("Fant (1960)", "ppgb", 19980201) DEFINITION ("Gunnar Fant (1960): %%Acoustic Theory of Speech Production%. Mouton, The Hague.") MAN_END MAN_BEGIN ("Flanagan & Landgraf (1968)", "ppgb", 19980201) NORMAL ("James L. Flanagan & L.L. Landgraf (1968): \"Self-oscillating source for vocal-tract synthesizers\", " "%%IEEE Transactions on Audio and Electroacoustics% ##AU-16#: 57-64. " "Reprinted in: James L. Flanagan & Lawrence R. Rabiner (eds.) (1973): " "%%Speech Synthesis%, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg.") NORMAL ("The authors show that if we model each vocal cord as a single mass-spring system, " "the vocal cords will vibrate passively as a result of the interaction with a glottal airflow.") MAN_END MAN_BEGIN ("Ishizaka & Flanagan (1972)", "ppgb", 19980201) NORMAL ("Kenzo Ishizaka & James L. Flanagan (1972): \"Synthesis of voiced sounds from a two-mass model " "of the vocal cords\", %%Bell System Technical Journal% #51: 1233-1268. " "Reprinted in: James L. Flanagan & Lawrence R.ÊRabiner (eds.) (1973): " "%%Speech Synthesis%, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Stroudsburg.") NORMAL ("The authors show that if we model each vocal cord as two coupled mass-spring systems, " "the passive vibration that results from the interaction with a glottal airflow " "will show more realistic behaviour than with the one-mass model of @@Flanagan & Landgraf (1968)@, " "at least for a male speaker.") MAN_END MAN_BEGIN ("Speaker", "ppgb", 19980201) INTRO ("One of the @@types of objects@ in P\\s{RAAT}. See @@Articulatory synthesis@.") ENTRY ("Speaker commands") LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create Speaker...") LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Artword & Speaker: To Sound...@: articulatory synthesis") MAN_END MAN_BEGIN ("VocalTract", "ppgb", 20030316) INTRO ("One of the @@types of objects@ in P\\s{RAAT}.") NORMAL ("A VocalTract object represents the area function of the vocal tract, expressed in m^2, " "running from the glottis to the lips.") MAN_END MAN_BEGIN ("VocalTract: Formula...", "ppgb", 20021206) INTRO ("A command for changing the data in all selected @VocalTract objects.") NORMAL ("See the @Formulas tutorial for examples and explanations.") MAN_END } /* End of file manual_Artsynth.c */