/* manual_tutorials.c */
/* by Paul Boersma */
#define PRAAT_VERSION  "4.0.22, June 19, 2002"

#include "ManPagesM.h"

void manual_tutorials_init (ManPages me);
void manual_tutorials_init (ManPages me) {

MAN_BEGIN ("What's new?", "ppgb", 20020619)
INTRO ("Latest, coming, and requested changes in the @@Praat program@.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.22# (June 19, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Corrected serious new bug in Formula (x attribute unknown).")
NORMAL ("##4.0.21# (June 12, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Table: column names as variables.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.20# (June 11, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Table: scatter plot.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.19# (June 4, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu New Table object for column @statistics: Pearson's %r, Kendall's %\\ta-%b, %t-test.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Formulas: refer to any matrices and tables.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Scripts: possibility for using things like Sound_hello (x) or Table_everything [row, col].")
NORMAL ("##4.0.18# (May 27, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid: shift times, scale times.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Pitch: removed crashing bug from dialogs for drawing.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.17# (May 22, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu PitchTier: shift or multiply frequencies (also in ManipulationEditor).")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectrum: the sign of the Fourier transform has changed, to comply with common use "
	"in technology and physics. Old Spectrum files are converted when read.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.16# (May 12, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Improved manual.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.14# (April 22, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Corrected font bug in Classic Mac version.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.13# (April 17, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Many small corrections.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.12# (April 3, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound editor: formant report.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Dialogs: layout improvements.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.11# (March 25, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Mono recording.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Dialogs improved: range fields and option menus.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Some jitter and shimmer measurements.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.9# (February 22, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Direct PostScript printing on MacOS X.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.8# (February 21, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@T-test@.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.6# (February 7, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Native MacOS X version.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.5# (January 25, 2002)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed licensing.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Remember PostScript settings.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.4# (November 30, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectral moments.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.3# (November 27, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TableOfReal: Extract rows where column...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Correlation: Confidence intervals...|Confidence intervals@ for a Correlation object.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@SSCP: Get diagonality (bartlett)...|Diagonality test@ of a SSCP object.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Linear predictive coefficients @@LPC: To Matrix|to matrix@.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Cepstral coefficients @@CC: To Matrix|to matrix@.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.2# (November 12, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Correlation: Confidence intervals...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed bug that caused mean formants in log files to be zero.")
NORMAL ("##4.0.1# (October 25, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TableOfReal: Get correlation....")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid: bug removals in Modify menu (tier insertion and duplication).")
NORMAL ("##4.0# (October 15, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: To Pitch (ac)...@: pitch contour less dependent on time resolution. "
	"This improves the constancy of the contours in the editors when zooming.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.37# (October 4, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Editors: better visible pitch contour.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Editors: Get minimum & maximum pitch; move cursor to min & max pitch.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Special symbols@: h\\a'c\\v^ek.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed a serious bug in TextGrid (Modify menu): Insert tier...")
NORMAL ("##3.9.36# (September 24, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid: tier insertion and deletion in Modify menu.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu ResultsMFC queries.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.34# (August 16, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Intensity: To IntensityTier (peaks, valleys).")
NORMAL ("##3.9.33# (August 4, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed a very old bug with multiple list replacement in the CategoriesEditor.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed a very old bug that caused Praat to crash after interrupting "
	"a \"Deepen band modulation\" in progress.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed a bug that prevented scripts to query analyses in sound windows "
	"immediately after creating the editor.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.32# (August 1, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sounds: Concatenate recoverably. Creates a TextGrid whose interval labels are the original "
	"names of the sounds.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound & TextGrid: Extract all intervals. The reverse of the previous command.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.31# (July 18, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Regular expressions@.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.29# (July 7, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Improved random numbers and other numerical stuff.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Corrected MFCC button bug (since 3.9.25).")
NORMAL ("##3.9.28# (June 8, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @ExperimentMFC: multiple-forced-choice listening experiments.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid and TextGridEditor: additions and improvements.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.27# (May 19, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Log files@.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Formatting in variable substitution, e.g. 'pitch:2' gives two digits after the decimal point.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.26# (May 16, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu More TextGrid queries.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.25# (May 15, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu New: @@Multidimensional scaling@ tutorial.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu New: filterbank analyses, @MelFilter, @BarkFilter and "
	"@FormantFilter, by @@band filtering in the frequency domain@." )
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu A change in the data structure for cepstral coefficients results "
	"in a change in the @MFCC. As a side-effect the ##Cepstrum# class "
	"is now renamed as @LFCC@. "
	"In a following version the Cepstrum object will return as the "
	"representation of the %%complex cepstrum%.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.24# (May 14, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu New: cepstrum and more statistics by David Weenink.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Matrix: Get sum.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu PairDistribution: Get percentage correct (maximum likelihood, probability matching).")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu OTGrammar & PairDistribution: Get percentage correct...")
NORMAL ("##3.9.23# (May 6, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Windows: improved text focus in TextGrid editor.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Scripting: added hints about extra spaces in file names to error messages.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Praatcon: protected against calling without a script name.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.22# (April 23, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed a bug that caused Praat to crash when opening a TextGrid window without a Sound.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.21# (April 11, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Added intensity contour to SoundEditor, LongSoundEditor, and TextGridEditor windows.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Improved spectrogram drawing.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.20# (April 4, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Windows: corrected running audio cursor.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.19# (April 2, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Simplified selection and cursor in editor windows.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Replaced Analysis and AnalysisEditor with @Manipulation and @ManipulationEditor.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.18# (March 29, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed a bug that caused editor windows to crash after the Preferences command.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.17# (March 29, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Removed a bug that caused editor windows to crash for very short sounds.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.16# (March 28, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectrogram, pitch contour, and formant contour available in the SoundEditor, LongSoundEditor, "
	"and TextGridEditor windows, including query commands.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Scripting: corrected failing #choice arguments in #execute directive.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.15# (March 7, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu SoundRecorder on Windows: worked around a Windows bug that caused the Stop button not to work.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.13# (February 14, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Macintosh: support for multiple audio input devices (sound cards).")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Repaired a memory leak in Manipulation-to-Sound.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.12# (January 26, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGridEditor: view spectrogram.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.11# (January 10, 2001)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGridEditor: improved scrolling strategy when navigating with Option-arrow.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGridEditor: changed default setting of shift-drag strategy.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.9# (December 11, 2000)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Macintosh: improved screen rendition of rotated text.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.8# (December 7, 2000)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Windows: corrected a small bug in scripts with relative paths to root directories.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.7# (December 6, 2000)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Enabled debugging-at-a-distance.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.6# (November 30, 2000)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Windows: removed a bug that limited \"Spectrum: Draw (log freq)...\".")
NORMAL ("##3.9.5# (November 16, 2000)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Implemented autoscaling in LongSound editor and in TextGrid editor.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Added ##fixed\\$ # to scripting language for formatting of numbers.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Macintosh: removed bug that prevented scripting of picture file saving.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.4# (October 30, 2000)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Defended against drawing zero-width ellipses on PostScript.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Worked around NT bug that prevents filling small circles (formant contour in editor invisible).")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGridEditor: Option-Shift-arrow for extending interval selection.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.3# (October 26, 2000)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Windows: corrected slow running cursor while sound was playing on some NT computers.")
NORMAL ("##3.9.2# (October 25, 2000)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Windows: corrected bug in some non-PostScript HP printers that caused "
	"wrong positioning of spectrograms.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Enabled reading of Praat picture file if window has contents.")
ENTRY ("Praat 3.9, October 18, 2000")
	NORMAL ("Editors:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Shift-click and shift-drag extend or shrink selection in editor windows.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Grouped editors can have separate zooming and scrolling (FunctionEditor preferences).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Cursor follows playing sound in editors; interruption by Escape key moves the cursor.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGridEditor: optimized for transcribing large corpora: text field, directly movable boundaries, "
		"more visible text in tiers, @SpellingChecker, "
		"type while the sound is playing, complete keyboard navigation, control font size, control text alignment, "
		"shift-click near boundary adds interval to selection.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Stereo display in LongSound and TextGrid editors.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu LongSoundEditor and TextGridEditor: write selection to audio file.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu SoundEditor: added command \"Extract selection (preserve times)\".")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu IntervalTierEditor, DurationTierEditor.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Added many query commands in editors.")
	NORMAL ("Phonetics library:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound: To Formant...: sample-rate-independent formant analysis.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound: To Harmonicity (glottal-to-noise excitation ratio).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Pitch: support for ERB units, draw all combinations of line/speckle and linear/logarithmic/semitones/mels/erbs, "
		"optionally with TextGrid, Subtract linear fit.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectrum: Draw along logarithmic frequency axis.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid:  modification commands, Extract part, Shift to zero, Scale times (with Sound or LongSound).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Matrix: To TableOfReal@, Draw contour...")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Concatenate Sound and LongSound objects.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu File formats: save PitchTier in spreadsheet format, read CGN syntax files (XML version), "
		"text files now completely file-server-safe (independent from Windows/Macintosh/Unix line separators).")
	NORMAL ("Statistics and numerics library:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Principal component analysis@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Discriminant analysis@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Polynomial: drawing, @@Roots|root@ finding etc.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@TableOfReal: Draw box plots...@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Covariance: To TableOfReal (random sampling)...@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@SSCP: Get sigma ellipse area...@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Query @DTW for 'weighted distance' of time warp.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Distributions: To Strings (exact)...")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Strings: Randomize.")
	NORMAL ("Phonology library:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu OTGrammar: To PairDistribution.")
	NORMAL ("Graphics:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Full support for colour inkjet printers on Windows and Macintosh.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Full support for high-resolution colour clipboards and metafiles for "
		"Windows and Macintosh programs that support them (this include MS Word "
		"for Windows, but unfortunately not MS Word for Macintosh).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Colour in EPS files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Interpolating grey images, i.e. better zoomed spectrograms.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Linux: support for 24-bits screens.")
	NORMAL ("Audio:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Asynchronous sound play.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Linux: solved problems with /dev/mixer (\"Cannot read MIC gain.\") on many computers.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Added possibility of zero padding for sound playing, "
		"in order to reduce clicks on some Linux and Sun computers.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu LongSound supports mono and stereo, 8-bit and 16-bit, %\\mu-law and A-law, "
		"big-endian and little-endian, AIFC, WAV, NeXT/Sun, and NIST files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu \"Read two Sounds from stereo file...\" supports 8-bit and 16-bit, %\\mu-law and A-law, "
		"big-endian and little-endian, AIFC, WAV, NeXT/Sun, and NIST files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu SoundRecorder writes to 16-bit AIFC, WAV, NeXT/Sun, and NIST mono and stereo files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound & LongSound: write part or whole to mono or stereo audio file.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Read Sound from raw Alaw file.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Artword & Speaker (& Sound) movie: real time on all systems.")
	NORMAL ("Scripting:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Numerical expressions@: added statistical functions: %\\ci^2, Student T, Fisher F, binomial, "
		"and their inverse functions.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Windows: program #praatcon for use as a Unix-style console application.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Windows and Unix: Praat can be run with a command-line interface without quitting on errors.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Unix & Windows: can use <stdout> as a file name (supports pipes for binary data).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @sendpraat now also for Macintosh.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Scripting 6.7. Sending a message to another program|sendsocket@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Read from file...@ recognizes script files if they begin with \"\\# !\".")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Script links in @ManPages.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Made the old (disfavoured) script directives #getnameofselected, #copy, "
		"#getstring, and #getinfostring compatible with new-style string variables.")
	NORMAL ("Documentation")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Tutorials on all subjects available through the @Tutorials page..")
ENTRY ("Praat 3.8, January 12, 1999")
	NORMAL ("Phonetics library")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu New objects: @LongSound (view and label long sound files), with editor; PairDistribution.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @PSOLA manipulation of voiceless intervals, version 2: quality much better now; "
		"target duration is exactly as expected from Duration tier or specified lengthening in @@Sound: Lengthen (PSOLA)...@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Audio: Escape key stops audio playing (on Mac also Command-period).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @SoundRecorder: allows multiple recordings without close; Play button; Write buttons; buffer size can be set.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Reverse a Sound or a selection of a Sound.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: Get nearest zero crossing...@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Formant: \"Scatter plot (reversed axes)...\".")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid & Pitch: \"Speckle separately...\".")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu \"Extract Sound selection (preserve times)\" in TextGridEditor.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu More query commands for Matrix, TableOfReal, Spectrum, PointProcess.")
	NORMAL ("Phonology library")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu 25-page OT learning tutorial.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Made the OT learner 14 times as fast.")
	NORMAL ("Systems")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu May 23: Windows beta version.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu April 24: Windows alpha version.")
	NORMAL ("Files")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Read more Kay, Sun (.au), and WAV sound files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu \"Read Strings from raw text file...\"")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Create Strings as file list...@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu \"Read IntervalTier from Xwaves...\"")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu hidden \"Read from old Windows Praat picture file...\"")
	NORMAL ("Graphics")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Use colours (instead of only greys) in \"Paint ellipse...\" etc.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu More true colours (maroon, lime, navy, teal, purple, olive).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Direct printing from Macintosh to PostScript printers.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Hyperpage printing to PostScript printers and PostScript files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Phonetic symbols: raising sign, lowering sign, script g, corner, ligature, pointing finger.")
	NORMAL ("Shell")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu November 4: all dialogs are modeless (which is new for Unix and Mac).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu September 27: @sendpraat for Windows.")
	NORMAL ("Scripting")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu January 7: scriptable editors.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu October 7: file I/O in scripts.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu August 23: script language includes all the important functions for string handling.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu June 24: string variables in scripts.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu June 22: faster look-up of script variables.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu June 22: unlimited number of script variables.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu April 5: suspended chopping of trailing spaces.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu March 29: enabled formulas as arguments to dialogs (also interactive).")
ENTRY ("Praat 3.7, March 24, 1998")
	NORMAL ("Editors:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu In all FunctionEditors: drag to get a selection.")
	NORMAL ("Phonetics library:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Many new query (#Get) commands for @Sound, @Intensity, @Harmonicity, @Pitch, "
		"@Formant, @Ltas, @PitchTier, @IntensityTier, @DurationTier, @FormantTier.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Many new modification commands.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Many new interpolations.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound enhancements: @@Sound: Lengthen (PSOLA)...@, @@Sound: Deepen band modulation...@")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Source-filter synthesis@ tutorial, @@Sound & IntensityTier: Multiply@, "
		"@@Sound & FormantTier: Filter@, @@Formant: Formula (frequencies)...@, @@Sound: Pre-emphasize...@.")
	NORMAL ("Labelling")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid queries (#Get times and labels in a script).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@TextGrid: Count labels...@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@PointProcess: To TextGrid (vuv)...@: get voiced/unvoiced information from a point process.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu IntervalTier to TableOfReal: labels become row labels.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextTier to TableOfReal.")
	NORMAL ("Numerics and statistics library")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Multidimensional scaling (Kruskal, INDSCAL, etc).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @TableOfReal: Set value, Formula, Remove column, Insert column, Draw as squares, To Matrix.")
	NORMAL ("Phonology library")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu OT learning: new strategies: weighted symmetric plasticity (uncancelled or all).")
	NORMAL ("Praat shell")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu First Linux version.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Eight new functions like e.g. %hertzToBark in @@numerical expressions@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Praat script@: procedure arguments; object names.")
	NORMAL ("Documentation:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu 230 more man pages (now 630).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Hypertext: increased readability of formulas, navigation with keyboard.")
ENTRY ("Praat 3.6, October 27, 1997")
	NORMAL ("Editors:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Intuitive position of B and E buttons on left-handed mice.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @SoundEditor: copy %windowed selection to list of objects.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @SoundEditor: undo Cut, Paste, Zero.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @SpectrumEditor: copy band-filtered spectrum or sound to list of objects.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @ManipulationEditor: LPC-based pitch manipulation.")
	NORMAL ("Objects:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Use '-', and '+' in object names.")
	NORMAL ("Phonetics library")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu LPC-based resynthesis in @ManipulationEditor.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Sound: direct modification without formulas (addition, multiplication, windowing)")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Sound: filtering in spectral domain by formula.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Create a simple @Pitch object from a @PitchTier (for %F__0_) and a @Pitch (for V/U).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Semitones in @PitchTier tables.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @PointProcess: transplant time domain from @Sound.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Much more...")
	NORMAL ("Phonology library")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Computational Optimality Theory. See @@OT learning@.")
	NORMAL ("Hypertext")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu You can use @ManPages files for creating your own tutorials. "
		"These contains buttons for playing and recording sounds, so you can use this for creating "
		"an interactive IPA sound training course.")
	NORMAL ("Scripting:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Programmable @@Praat script@ language: variables, expressions, control structures, "
		"procedures, complete dialog box, exchange of information with Info window, continuation lines.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Use system-independent relative file paths in @@Praat script@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @ScriptEditor: Run selection.")
	NORMAL ("Graphics:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Rotation and scaling while printing the @@Picture window@.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Apart from bold and italic, now also bold-italic (see @@Text styles@).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Rounded rectangles.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Conversion of millimetres and world coordinates.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Measurement of text widths (screen and PostScript).")
	NORMAL ("Unix:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Use the @sendpraat program for sending messages to running Praat programs.")
	NORMAL ("Mac:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Praat looks best with the new and beautiful System 8.")
ENTRY ("Praat 3.5, May 27, 1997")
	NORMAL ("New editors:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu #TextGridEditor replaces and extends LabelEditor: edit points as well as intervals.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu #AnalysisEditor replaces and extends PsolaEditor: view pitch, spectrum, formant, and intensity "
		"analyses in a single window, and allow pitch and duration resynthesis by #PSOLA and more (would be undone in 3.9.19).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu #SpectrumEditor allows you to view and edit spectra.")
	NORMAL ("Praat shell:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu ##History mechanism# remembers all the commands that you have chosen, "
		"and allows you to put them into a script.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu #ScriptEditor allows you to edit and run any Praat script, and to put it under a button.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu All added and removed buttons are remembered across sessions.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu #ButtonEditor allows you to make buttons visible or invisible.")
	NORMAL ("Evaluations:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu In his 1996 doctoral thesis, Henning Reetz "
		"compared five pitch analysis routines; @@Sound: To Pitch (ac)...@ appeared to make the fewest errors. "
		"H. Reetz (1996): %%Pitch Perception in Speech: a Time Domain Approach%, Studies in Language and Language Use #26, "
		"IFOTT, Amsterdam (ICG Printing, Dordrecht).")
	NORMAL ("Documentation:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu 140 more man pages (now 330).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Tables and pictures in manual.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Printing the entire manual.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Logo.")
	NORMAL ("New classes:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Labelling & segmentation: #TextGrid, #IntervalTier, #TextTier.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Analysis & manipulation: #Analysis.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Statistics: #TableOfReal, #Distributions, #Transition")
	NORMAL ("File formats:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Read and write rational numbers in text files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Read 8-bit .au sound files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Read and write raw 8-bit two\'s-complement and offset-binary sound files.")
	NORMAL ("Audio:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu 16-bit interactive Sound I/O on Mac.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Record sounds at 9.8 kHz on SGI.")
	NORMAL ("New commands:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Two more pitch-analysis routines.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound to PointProcess: collect all maxima, minima, zero crossings.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu PointProcess: set calculus.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid: extract time-point information.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Compute pitch or formants at given time points.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Put pitch, formants etc. in tables en get statistics.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Many more...")
	NORMAL ("Macintosh:")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu 16-bit interactive sound I/O.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Fast and interpolating spectrogram drawing.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Phonetic Mac screen font included in source code (as a fallback to using SIL Doulos IPA).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Keyboard shortcuts, text editor, help under question mark, etc.")
ENTRY ("Praat 3.3, October 6, 1996")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Documentation: hypertext help browser, including the first 190 man pages.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu New editors: class #TextTier for labelling times instead of intervals.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu New actions: #Formant: Viterbi tracker, Statistics menu, Scatter plot.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Evaluation: For HNR analysis of speech, the cross-correlation method, "
		"which has a sensitivity of 60 dB and a typical time resolution of 12 milliseconds, "
		"must be considered better than the autocorrelation method, "
		"which has a better sensitivity (80 dB), but a much worse time resolution (30 ms). "
		"For pitch analysis, the autocorrelation method still beats the cross-correlation method "
		"because of its better resistance against noise and echos, "
		"and despite its marginally poorer resolution (15 vs. 12 ms).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu User preferences are saved across sessions.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu The phonetic X screen font included in the source code.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Xwindows resources included in the source code")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Graphics: eight colours, small caps, text rotation.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu File formats: Sun/NexT mu-law files, raw matrix text files, Xwaves mark files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Accelerations: keyboard shortcuts, faster dynamic menu, Shift-OK keeps file selector on screen.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Class changes: #StylPitch and #MarkTier are now called #PitchTier and #TextTier, respectively. "
		"Old files can still be read.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Script warning: all times in dialogs are in seconds now: milliseconds have gone..")
ENTRY ("Praat 3.2, April 29, 1996")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sound I/O for HPUX, Sun Sparc 5, and Sun Sparc LX.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Cross-correlation pitch and HNR analysis.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Facilities for generating tables from scripts.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Editing and playing stylized pitch contours and point processes.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu PSOLA pitch manipulation.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectral smoothing techniques: cepstrum and LPC.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Time-domain pitch analysis with jitter measurement.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Read and write Bell-Labs sound files and Kay CSL audio files.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Replaced IpaTimes font by free SILDoulos-IPA font, and embedded phonetic font in PostScript picture.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Completed main phonetic characters.")
ENTRY ("Praat 3.1, December 5, 1995")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Add and remove buttons dynamically.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu DataEditor (Inspect button).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Initialization scripts.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Logarithmic axes.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Call remote ADDA server directly.")
ENTRY ("To do")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu ManipulationEditor: LPC manipulation of duration and intensity.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu TextGrid & Sound: Extract intervals with margins.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectrum: draw power, re, im, phase.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Formant: To Spectrum (slice)... (combines Formant-to-LPC and LPC-to-Spectrum-slice)")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Read and/or write Matlab files, MBROLA files, Xwaves files, CHAT files.") /* Aix */
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Matrix: draw numbers.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Fractions with \\bsf{a|b}.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu More fonts for manual.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Move objects up and down list.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectrogram cross-correlation.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectral moments (done).") /* Allard Jongman 19990609 JASA 84(1):115 */
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Labels in AIFC file.") /* Theo Veenker 19980323 */
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Improve scrolling and add selection in hyperpages.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Segment spectrograph?") /* Ton Wempe, Jul 16 1996 */
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Phoneme-to-articulation conversion??") /* Mirjam Ernestus, Jul 1 1996 */
ENTRY ("Known bugs in the Macintosh version")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (small) Minimal console. Needs descendant of TextEditor.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (small) Pause window modal.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (small) Cascade buttons grey after suspend+resume during progress window.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (tiny) Grow icon sometimes flashes during scrolling.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Movie window cannot be closed.")
ENTRY ("Known bugs in the Windows version")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (small) Picture window cannot be closed a second time.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Cannot stand infinitesimal zooming in SpectrogramEditor.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Clipboards with greys sometimes become black-and-white after use of colour.")
ENTRY ("Known bugs in the Unix versions")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (small) Motif messaging windows should have no parent and be modeless.")
ENTRY ("Known bugs in the Linux version")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Sounds shorter than 200 ms do not always play (workaround: add zeroes in prefs).")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Keyboard shortcuts do not work if NumLock is on.")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Progress window does not always disappear.")
ENTRY ("Known bugs in the Solaris version")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (serious for some) File names run out of the window in some Motif versions.")
ENTRY ("Known bugs in the HP version")
	LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (serious for some) Sound recording should be from audioserver instead of local.")
MAN_END
/*
   BUGBASE

>* The Artword editor would be easier to read if the vertical axis of the
>graphs were squeezed a little.  As it is, the line for a target of 1
>throughout the utterance merges into the top bounding box and is
>invisible.
>

>* In drawing a picture of an Artword for a Speaker, the Pen|Line-width
>option only works for dotted and dashed lines.  It's ignored for plain
>lines (and is WAY too wide).
*/
 
MAN_BEGIN ("", "ppgb", 19970107)
NORMAL ("This manual is organized alphabetically. "
	"In the paper version of this manual, every phrase printed in #bold is a reference (%link) to another page.")
NORMAL ("For a description of the on-line (screen) version of this manual, use the Help menu in the manual.")
NORMAL ("To start, visit the following page(s):")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Acknowledgments", "ppgb", 20020203)
NORMAL ("For supplying source code:")
LIST_ITEM ("Summer Institute of Linguistics (IPA fonts).")
LIST_ITEM ("Darryl Purnell, Pretoria (Linux audio).")
NORMAL ("For technical support and advice:")
LIST_ITEM ("Ton Wempe.")
NORMAL ("For their financial support during the development of Praat:")
LIST_ITEM ("Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO).")
LIST_ITEM ("Spoken Dutch Corpus (CGN).")
LIST_ITEM ("Laboratorium Experimentele OtoRhinoLaryngologie, KU Leuven.")
LIST_ITEM ("DFG-Projekt Dialektintonation, Universit\\a\"t Freiburg.")
LIST_ITEM ("Department of Linguistics and Phonetics, Lund University.")
LIST_ITEM ("Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Turku.")
LIST_ITEM ("Linguistics Department, University of Joensuu.")
LIST_ITEM ("Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, Paris.")
LIST_ITEM ("Department of Linguistics, Northwestern University.")
LIST_ITEM ("Department of Finnish and General Linguistics, University of Tampere.")
LIST_ITEM ("Institute for Language and Speech Processing, Paradissos Amaroussiou.")
LIST_ITEM ("J\\o\"rg Jescheniak, Universit\\a\"t Leipzig.")
LIST_ITEM ("The Linguistics Teaching Laboratory, Ohio State University.")
LIST_ITEM ("Linguistics & Cognitive Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover NH.")
LIST_ITEM ("Cornell Phonetics Lab, Ithaca NY.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Copy...", "ppgb", 19960904)
INTRO ("One of the fixed buttons in the @@Object window@.")
ENTRY ("Availability")
NORMAL ("You can choose this command after selecting one object of any class.")
ENTRY ("Behaviour")
NORMAL ("The Object window copies the selected object, and all the data it contains, "
	"to a new object, which will appear at the bottom of the List of Objects.")
ENTRY ("Example")
NORMAL ("If you select \"Sound hallo\" and click `Copy...', "
	"a dialog will appear, which prompts you for a name; "
	"after you click OK, a new object will appear in the list, bearing that name.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Draw submenu", "ppgb", 20010417)
INTRO ("A submenu that occurs in the @@Dynamic menu@ for many objects.")
NORMAL ("This submenu contains commands for drawing the object to the @@Picture window@, "
	"which will allow you to print the drawing or to copy it to your word processor.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Dynamic menu", "ppgb", 19981024)
INTRO ("A column of buttons in the right-hand part of the @@Object window@, "
	"plus the #Write menu in the Object window.")
NORMAL ("If you select one or more @objects in the list, "
	"the possible actions that you can perform with the selected objects "
	"will appear in the dynamic menu. "
	"These actions can include editing, writing, drawing, "
	"conversions to other types (including analysis and synthesis), and more.")
ENTRY ("Example of analysis:")
NORMAL ("Record a Sound, select it, and click on ##To Pitch...#. "
	"This will create a new Pitch object and put it in the list of objects. "
	"You can then edit, write, and draw this Pitch object.")
ENTRY ("Example of synthesis:")
NORMAL ("Create a #Speaker, create and edit an #Artword, and click on ##To Sound...#.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Edit", "ppgb", 20010414)
INTRO ("A command in the @@Dynamic menu@ of several types of @objects.")
NORMAL ("This command puts an @@Editors|editor@ window on the screen, which shows the contents of the selected object. "
	"This window will allow your to view and modify the contents of this object.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Extract visible formant contour", "ppgb", 20010512)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @File menu of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("See @@Intro 5. Formant analysis|Formant analysis@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Extract visible intensity contour", "ppgb", 20010512)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @File menu of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("See @@Intro 6. Intensity analysis|Intensity analysis@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Extract visible pitch contour", "ppgb", 20010512)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @File menu of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("See @@Intro 4. Pitch analysis|Pitch analysis@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Extract visible spectrogram", "ppgb", 20010512)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @File menu of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("See @@Intro 3. Spectrograms|Spectrograms@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)", "ppgb", 20010824)
LIST_ITEM ("@@FAQ: Formant analysis")
LIST_ITEM ("@@FAQ: Scripts")
/* Hardware */
/* all files in a directory */
/* Spectrograms: why this grey background (reduce dynamic range) */
/* Pitch: octave errors */
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("FAQ: Formant analysis", "ppgb", 20010909)
NORMAL ("#Problem: I get different formant values if I choose to analyse 3 formants "
	"than if I choose to analyse 4 formants.")
NORMAL ("Solution: the \"number of formants\" in formant analysis determines the "
	"number of peaks with which the %entire spectrum is modelled. For an average "
	"female voice, you should choose to analyse 5 formants in the region up to 5500 Hz, "
	"even if you are interested only in the first three formants.")
NORMAL ("#Problem: I often get only 1 formant in a region where I see clearly 2 formants "
	"in the spectrogram.")
NORMAL ("This occurs mainly in back vowels (F1 and F2 close together) for male voices, "
	"if the \"maximum formant\" is set to the default of 5500 Hz, which is appropriate "
	"for female voices. Set the \"maximum formant\" down to 5000 Hz. "
	"No, Praat comes without a guarantee: the formant analysis is based on LPC, "
	"and this comes with several assumptions as to what a speech spectrum is like.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("FAQ: Scripts", "ppgb", 20010909)
NORMAL ("#Question: how do I do something to all the files in a directory?")
NORMAL ("Answer: look at @@Create Strings as file list...@.")
NORMAL ("#Problem: a line like \"Number = 1\" does not work.")
NORMAL ("Solution: names of variables should start with a lower-case letter.")
NORMAL ("#Question: why do names of variables have to start with a lower-case letter? "
	"I would like to do things like \"F0 = Get mean pitch\".")
NORMAL ("Answer: Praat scripts combine button commands with things that only occur "
	"in scripts. Button commands always start with a capital letter, e.g. \"Play\". "
	"Script command always start with lower case, e.g. \"echo Hello\". "
	"A minimal pair is \"select\", which simulates a mouse click in the object list, "
	"versus \"Select...\", which sets the selection in editor windows. Variable names "
	"that start with a capital letter would be rather ambiguous in assignments, "
	"as in \"x = Get\", where \"Get\" would be a variable, versus \"x = Get mean\", "
	"where \"Get mean\" is a button command. To prevent this, Praat enforces "
	"a rigorous lower-case/upper-case distinction.")
/* string to integer and back */
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("File", "ppgb", 20010512)
INTRO ("One of the menus in all @editors, in the @manual, and in the @@Picture window@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Filtering", "ppgb", 20010516)
INTRO ("This @@Tutorials|tutorial@ describes the use of filtering techniques in the @@Praat program@.")
ENTRY ("Frequency-domain filtering")
NORMAL ("Modern computer techniques make possible an especially simple batch filtering method: "
	"multiplying the complex spectrum in the frequency domain by any real-valued filter function. "
	"This leads to a zero phase shift for each frequency component. The impulse response is symmetric "
	"in the time domain, which also means that the filter is %acausal: the filtered signal will show components "
	"before they start in the original.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Spectrum: Filter (pass Hann band)...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Spectrum: Filter (stop Hann band)...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: Filter (pass Hann band)...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: Filter (stop Hann band)...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: Filter (formula)...@")
NORMAL ("Spectro-temporal:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@band filtering in the frequency domain@")
ENTRY ("In-line time-domain filtering")
NORMAL ("Some very fast Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters can be defined in the time domain. "
	"These include recursive all-pole filters and pre-emphasis. These filters are causal but have non-zero phase shifts.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: Filter (one pole)...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: Pre-emphasize...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound: De-emphasize...@")
ENTRY ("Convolution")
NORMAL ("A Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter can be described as a sampled sound. "
	"Filtering with such a filter amounts to a %#convolution of the original sound and the filter:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sounds: Convolve@")
ENTRY ("Described elsewhere")
NORMAL ("Described in the @@Source-filter synthesis@ tutorial:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound & Formant: Filter@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Sound & FormantTier: Filter@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@LPC & Sound: Filter...@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@LPC & Sound: Filter (inverse)@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Formants & LPC submenu", "ppgb", 20011107)
INTRO ("A submenu that occurs in the @@Dynamic menu@ for a @Sound.")
NORMAL ("This submenu contains commands for analysing the formant contours of the selected Sound:")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To Formant (burg)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To Formant (keep all)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To Formant (sl)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To LPC (autocorrelation)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To LPC (covariance)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To LPC (burg)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To LPC (marple)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To MFCC...")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Get first formant", "ppgb", 20011107)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @@Query menu@ of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Get pitch", "ppgb", 20010417)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @@Query menu@ of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Get second formant", "ppgb", 20011107)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @@Query menu@ of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Info", "ppgb", 19980101)
INTRO ("One of the fixed buttons in the @@Object window@.")
ENTRY ("Availability")
NORMAL ("You can choose this command after choosing one object.")
ENTRY ("Purpose")
NORMAL ("To get some information about the selected object.")
ENTRY ("Behaviour")
NORMAL ("The information will appear in the @@Info window@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Info window", "ppgb", 19980101)
INTRO ("A text window in the @@Praat shell@ into which many query commands write their answers.")
NORMAL ("You can select text from this window and copy it to other places.")
NORMAL ("In a @@Praat script@, you can bypass the Info window by having a query command "
	"writing directly into a script variable.")
NORMAL ("Apart from the @Info command, which writes general information about the selected object, "
	"the following more specific commands also write into the Info window:")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Inspect", "ppgb", 19960904)
INTRO ("One of the fixed buttons in the @@Object window@.")
NORMAL ("You can use this command after selecting one object in the list.")
NORMAL ("The contents of the selected object will become visible in a Data Editor. "
	"You can then view and change the data in the object, "
	"but beware: changing the data directly in this way may render them inconsistent.")
NORMAL ("Changes that you make to the data with another Editor (e.g., a SoundEditor), "
	"or with the commands under `Modify', "
	"are immediately reflected in the top-level Data Editor; "
	"any subeditors are destroyed, however, because they may now refer to invalid data.")
NORMAL ("Changes that you make to the data with a Data Editor, "
	"are immediately reflected in any open type-specific Editors (e.g., a SoundEditor).")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro", "ppgb", 20020530)
INTRO ("This is an introductory tutorial to the @@Praat program@. "
	"Praat is a program for handling @objects that have to do with the world of phonetics. "
	"You are advised to work through all of this tutorial.@@@")
NORMAL ("You can read this tutorial sequentially with the help of the \"< 1\" and \"1 >\" buttons.")
LIST_ITEM ("1. @@Intro 1. How to get a sound|How to get a sound@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("1.1. @@Intro 1.1. Recording a sound|Recording a sound@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("1.2. @@Intro 1.2. Reading a sound from disk|Reading a sound from disk@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("1.3. @@Intro 1.3. Creating a sound from a formula|Creating a sound from a formula@")
LIST_ITEM ("2. @@Intro 2. What to do with a sound|What to do with a sound@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("2.1. @@Intro 2.1. Writing a sound to disk|Writing a sound to disk@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("2.2. @@Intro 2.2. Viewing and editing a sound|Viewing and editing a sound@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("2.3. @@Intro 2.3. Spectrum|Spectrum@")
LIST_ITEM ("3. @@Intro 3. Spectrograms|Spectrograms@")
LIST_ITEM ("4. @@Intro 4. Pitch analysis|Pitch analysis@")
LIST_ITEM ("5. @@Intro 5. Formant analysis|Formant analysis@")
LIST_ITEM ("6. @@Intro 6. Intensity analysis|Intensity analysis@")
LIST_ITEM ("7. @@Intro 7. Annotation|Annotation@")
LIST_ITEM ("8. @@Intro 8. Manipulation|Manipulation@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("8.1. @@Intro 8.1. Manipulation of pitch|Manipulation of pitch@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("8.2. @@Intro 8.2. Manipulation of duration|Manipulation of duration@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("8.3. @@Intro 8.3. Manipulation of intensity|Manipulation of intensity@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("8.4. @@Intro 8.4. Manipulation of formants|Manipulation of formants@")
LIST_ITEM ("9. @@Intro 9. Voice pathology|Voice pathology@")
NORMAL ("For further tutorial information, see:")
LIST_ITEM ("Phonetics:")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Sound files@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Measuring jitter, noise, and shimmer@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Filtering@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Source-filter synthesis@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Articulatory synthesis@")
LIST_ITEM ("Phonology:")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@OT learning@")
LIST_ITEM ("Statistics:")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Statistics@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Principal component analysis@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Multidimensional scaling@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Discriminant analysis@")
LIST_ITEM ("General:")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Printing@")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Scripting@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 1. How to get a sound", "ppgb", 20010408)
INTRO ("Most of the things most people do with Praat start with a sound. "
	"There are at least three ways to get a sound:")
LIST_ITEM ("1.1. @@Intro 1.1. Recording a sound|Recording a sound@")
LIST_ITEM ("1.2. @@Intro 1.2. Reading a sound from disk|Reading a sound from disk@")
LIST_ITEM ("1.3. @@Intro 1.3. Creating a sound from a formula|Creating a sound from a formula@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 1.1. Recording a sound", "ppgb", 20010414)
INTRO ("To record a speech sound into Praat, you need to have a computer with a microphone. "
	"If you do not have a microphone, try to record from an audio CD instead.")
NORMAL ("To record from the microphone (or CD), perform the following steps:")
LIST_ITEM ("1. Choose @@Record Sound...@ from the @@New menu@ in the @@Object window@. "
	"A @SoundRecorder window will appear on your screen.")
LIST_ITEM ("2. In the SoundRecorder window, choose the appropriate input device, i.e. choose \"Microphone\" "
	"(or \"CD\").")
LIST_ITEM ("3. Use the #Record and #Stop buttons to record a few seconds of your speech "
	"(or a few seconds of music from your playing CD).")
LIST_ITEM ("4. Use the #Play button to hear what you have recorded.")
LIST_ITEM ("5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until you are satisfied with your recording.")
LIST_ITEM ("6. Click the ##Left to list# button. The left channel of your stereo recording will now appear "
	"as a @Sound object called \"Sound left\" in the @@List of Objects@, which is the left part of the Object window.")
LIST_ITEM ("7. You can now close the SoundRecorder window.")
LIST_ITEM ("8. The right part of the Object window shows you what you can do with the sound. "
	"Try the #Play and @Edit buttons.")
NORMAL ("For more information, see the @SoundRecorder manual page.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 1.2. Reading a sound from disk", "ppgb", 20010408)
INTRO ("If you do not have a microphone, you could read a sound file from your disk.")
NORMAL ("With @@Read from file...@ from the Read menu, "
	"Praat will be able to read most standard types of sound files. "
	"If you do not have a sound file on your disk, you can take one from the Internet.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 1.3. Creating a sound from a formula", "ppgb", 20010408)
INTRO ("If you have no access to the Internet, you can create a sound from a formula with "
	"@@Create Sound...@ from the New menu.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 2. What to do with a sound", "ppgb", 20010408)
INTRO ("As soon as you have a @Sound object in the @@List of Objects@, "
	"the buttons in the @@Dynamic menu@ (the right-hand part of the @@Object window@ "
	"will show you what you can do with it.")
LIST_ITEM ("2.1. @@Intro 2.1. Writing a sound to disk|Writing a sound to disk@")
LIST_ITEM ("2.2. @@Intro 2.2. Viewing and editing a sound|Viewing and editing a sound|@")
LIST_ITEM ("2.3. @@Intro 2.3. Spectrum|Spectrum@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 2.1. Writing a sound to disk", "ppgb", 20010512)
INTRO ("There are several ways to write a sound to disk.")
NORMAL ("First, the @File menu of the @SoundRecorder window contains commands to save the left "
	"channel, the right channel, or both channels of the recorded sound to any of four standard types "
	"of sound files (AIFC, WAV, NeXT/Sun, NIST). These four types are equivalent; "
	"Praat will handle them equally well on every computer. The first three of these types will "
	"also be recognized by nearly all other sound-playing programs.")
NORMAL ("Then, once you have a @Sound object in the @@List of Objects@, "
	"you can save it in several formats with the commands in the @@Write menu@. "
	"Again, the AIFF, AIFC, WAV, NeXT/Sun, and NIST formats are equally fine.")
NORMAL ("For more information, see the @@Sound files@ tutorial.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 2.2. Viewing and editing a sound", "ppgb", 20010414)
NORMAL ("To look into a @Sound in the list of objects, click @Edit.")
NORMAL ("If your sound file is longer than about a minute, you may prefer to open it with @@Open long sound file...@. "
	"This puts a @LongSound object into the list. In this way, most of the sound will stay in the file on disk, "
	"and at most 60 seconds will be read into memory each time you play or view a part of it.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 2.3. Spectrum", "ppgb", 20020526)
NORMAL ("To compute a Fourier spectrum of an entire sound, "
	"select a @Sound object and choose @@Sound: To Spectrum (fft)|To Spectrum (fft)@ from the #%Spectrum submenu. "
	"A new @Spectrum object will appear in the @@List of Objects@. "
	"To view or modify it (or listen to its parts), click @Edit. "
	"To print it, choose one of the #%Draw commands to draw the Spectrum object to the @@Picture window@ first.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 3. Spectrograms", "ppgb", 20010512)
NORMAL ("To see the spectral content of a sound as a function of time, select a @Sound or @LongSound object and choose @Edit. "
	"A @SoundEditor window will appear on your screen. This will contain a spectrogram. "
	"This also works in the @LongSoundEditor and in the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("To print a spectrogram, or to put it in an EPS file or on the clipboard for inclusion in your word processor, "
	"you first have to create a @Spectrogram object in the @@List of Objects@. "
	"You do this either by choosing ##%%Extract visible spectrogram#% "
	"from the @File menu in the SoundEditor, LongSoundEditor, or TextGridEditor window, "
	"or by selecting a Sound object in the list and choosing @@Sound: To Spectrogram...@ from the #%Spectrum submenu. "
	"In either case, a new Spectrogram object will appear in the list. "
	"To draw this Spectrogram object to the @@Picture window@, select it and choose the ##%%Paint...#% command. "
	"From the Picture window, you can print it, save it to an EPS file, or copy it to the clipboard.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 4. Pitch analysis", "ppgb", 20011107)
INTRO ("This section describes how you can analyse the pitch contour of an existing sound.")
ENTRY ("1. View a pitch contour with the sound")
NORMAL ("To see the pitch contour of an existing sound as a function of time, select a @Sound or @LongSound object and choose @Edit. "
	"A @SoundEditor window will appear on your screen. "
	"The analysis part of this window will contain a pitch contour, drawn as a blue line or as a sequence of blue dots. "
	"If you do not see the pitch contour, choose @@Show pitch@ from the @View menu.")
NORMAL ("The pitch analysis parameters, with you can set with the @View menu, are important. "
	"For a male voice, you may want to set the minimum pitch to 75 Hz, and the maximum pitch to 300 Hz; "
	"for a female voice, set the range to 100-600 Hz instead. For pathological voices, you will want "
	"to set the voicing threshold to much less than the default of 0.45, and the minimum pitch perhaps "
	"much lower than 75 Hz. For more information about these parameters, see @@Sound: To Pitch (ac)...@.")
ENTRY ("2. Getting information about a pitch contour")
NORMAL ("With @@Get pitch@ from the @@Query menu@ in the @SoundEditor or @TextGridEditor, "
	"you get information about the pitch at the cursor or in the selection. "
	"If there is a cursor, ##Get pitch# writes to the @@Info window@ the linearly interpolated pitch at that time. "
	"If there is a true selection, ##Get pitch# writes to the @@Info window@ the mean pitch in that selection.")
ENTRY ("3. The pitch contour as a separate object")
NORMAL ("The pitch contour that is visible in the @SoundEditor or @TextGridEditor window, "
	"can be copied as a separate @Pitch object to the @@List of Objects@. To do this, "
	"choose @@Extract visible pitch contour@ from the @File menu.")
NORMAL ("Another way to get a separate Pitch object is to select a @Sound object in the list "
	"choose @@Sound: To Pitch...@ (preferred) or any of the other methods from the @@Periodicity submenu@.")
NORMAL ("To view and modify the contents of a Pitch object, select it and choose @Edit.")
ENTRY ("4. Save a pitch contour to disk")
NORMAL ("To save a pitch contour to disk, select the @Pitch object in the list and choose one of the commands in the @@Write menu@.")
NORMAL ("Later on, you can read the saved file again with @@Read from file...@ from the @@Read menu@.")
ENTRY ("5. Draw a pitch contour")
NORMAL ("To draw a @Pitch object to the @@Picture window@, select it and choose any of the commands in the @@Draw submenu@. "
	"From the Picture window, you can print it, save it to an EPS file, or copy it to the clipboard for inclusion in your word processor.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 5. Formant analysis", "ppgb", 20011107)
INTRO ("This section describes how you can analyse the formant contours of an existing sound.")
ENTRY ("1. View formant contours with the sound")
NORMAL ("To see the formant contours of a sound as functions of time, select a @Sound or @LongSound object and choose @Edit. "
	"A @SoundEditor window will appear on your screen. "
	"The analysis part of this window will contain a formant contour, drawn as red speckles. "
	"If you do not see the formant contours, choose @@Show formant@ from the @View menu.")
NORMAL ("The formant analysis parameters, with you can set with the @View menu, are important. "
	"For a female voice, you may want to set the maximum frequency to 5500 Hz; "
	"for a male voice, set it to 5000 Hz instead. "
	"For more information about analysis parameters, see @@Sound: To Formant (burg)...@.")
ENTRY ("2. Getting information about a formant contour")
NORMAL ("With @@Get first formant@ from the @@Query menu@ in the @SoundEditor or @TextGridEditor, "
	"you get information about the first formant at the cursor or in the selection. "
	"If there is a cursor, ##Get first formant# writes to the @@Info window@ the linearly interpolated first formant at that time. "
	"If there is a true selection, ##Get first formant# writes to the @@Info window@ the mean first formant in that selection. "
	"The same goes for @@Get second formant@ and so on.")
ENTRY ("3. The formant contours as a separate object")
NORMAL ("The formant contours that are visible in the @SoundEditor or @TextGridEditor window, "
	"can be copied as a separate @Formant object to the @@List of Objects@. To do this, "
	"choose @@Extract visible formant contour@ from the @File menu.")
NORMAL ("Another way to get a separate Formant object is to select a @Sound object in the list "
	"choose @@Sound: To Formant (burg)...@ (preferred) or any of the other methods "
	"from the @@Formants & LPC submenu@.")
ENTRY ("4. Save formant contours to disk")
NORMAL ("To save formant contours to disk, select the @Formant object in the list and choose one of the commands in the @@Write menu@.")
NORMAL ("Later on, you can read the saved file again with @@Read from file...@ from the @@Read menu@.")
ENTRY ("5. Draw formant contours")
NORMAL ("To draw a @Formant object to the @@Picture window@, select it and choose any of the commands in the @@Draw submenu@. "
	"From the Picture window, you can print it, save it to an EPS file, or copy it to the clipboard for inclusion in your word processor.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 6. Intensity analysis", "ppgb", 20010512)
INTRO ("To see the intensity contour of a sound as a function of time, select a @Sound or @LongSound object and choose @Edit. "
	"A @SoundEditor window will appear on your screen. "
	"The analysis part of this window will contain an intensity contour, drawn as a yellow line "
	"(choose \"Show intensity\" from the @View menu if it is not visible). "
	"This also works in the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("To print an intensity contour, or to put it in an EPS file or on the clipboard for inclusion in your word processor, "
	"you first have to create an @Intensity object in the @@List of Objects@. "
	"You do this either by choosing \"Extract visible intensity contour\" "
	"from the @File menu in the SoundEditor or TextGridEditor window, "
	"or by selecting a Sound object in the list and choosing @@Sound: To Intensity...@. "
	"In either case, a new Intensity object will appear in the list. "
	"To draw the Intensity object to the @@Picture window@, select it and choose ##Draw...#. "
	"From the Picture window, you can print it, save it to an EPS file, or copy it to the clipboard.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 7. Annotation", "ppgb", 20010414)
INTRO ("You can label and segment existing @Sound objects and sound files (@LongSound objects).")
NORMAL ("The labelling data will reside in a @TextGrid object. This object is separate "
	"from the sound, which means that you will often see two objects in the list: a Sound or LongSound, "
	"and a TextGrid.")
ENTRY ("Creating a TextGrid")
NORMAL ("You create a new empty TextGrid from the Sound or LongSound with @@Sound: To TextGrid...@ "
	"or @@LongSound: To TextGrid...@ from the ##Label & Segment# submenu. In this way, the time domain "
	"of the @TextGrid will automatically equal that of the sound (if you choose @@Create TextGrid...@ from "
	"the New menu instead, you will have to supply the time domain by yourself).")
NORMAL ("When you create a TextGrid, you specify the names of the %tiers. For instance, if you want to segment "
	"the sound into words and into phonemes, you may want to create two tiers and call them "
	"\"words\" and \"phonemes\" (you can easily add, remove, and rename tiers later). "
	"Since both of these tiers are %%interval tiers% (you label the intervals between the word and phoneme "
	"boundaries, not the boundaries themselves), you specify \"phonemes words\" for %%Tier names%, "
	"and you leave the %%Point tiers% empty.")
ENTRY ("View and edit")
NORMAL ("You can edit a TextGridobject all by itself, but you will normally want to see "
	"the sound in the editor window as well. To achieve this, you select both the Sound (or LongSound) and "
	"the TextGrid, and click @Edit. A @TextGridEditor will appear on your screen. "
	"Like the Sound editor, the TextGrid editor will show you a spectrogram, a pitch contour, a formant contour, "
	"and an inensity contour. This editor will allow "
	"you to add, remove, and edit labels, boundaries, and tiers. Under Help in the TextGridEditor, you will "
	"find the @TextGridEditor manual page. You are strongly advised to read it, because it will show you "
	"how you can quickly zoom (drag the mouse), play (click a rectangle), or edit a label (just type).")
ENTRY ("Save")
NORMAL ("You will normally write the TextGrid to disk with @@Write to text file...@ "
	"or @@Write to short text file...@. It is true that @@Write to binary file...@ will also work, but the others "
	"give you a file you can read with any text editor.")
NORMAL ("However you saved it, you can read the TextGrid into Praat later with @@Read from file...@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 8. Manipulation", "ppgb", 20010408)
LIST_ITEM ("8.1. @@Intro 8.1. Manipulation of pitch|Manipulation of pitch@")
LIST_ITEM ("8.2. @@Intro 8.2. Manipulation of duration|Manipulation of duration@")
LIST_ITEM ("8.3. @@Intro 8.3. Manipulation of intensity|Manipulation of intensity@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 8.1. Manipulation of pitch", "ppgb", 20010414)
INTRO ("To modify the pitch contour of an existing @Sound object, "
	"you select this @Sound and click ##To Manipulation#. "
	"A @Manipulation object will then appear in the list. "
	"You can then click @Edit to raise a @ManipulationEditor, "
	"which will show the pitch contour (@PitchTier) as a series of thick dots. "
	"To reduce the number of dots, choose ##Stylize pitch (2 st)# "
	"from the #Pitch menu; it will then be easy to drag the dots "
	"about the time-pitch area.")
NORMAL ("If you click any of the rectangles "
	"(or choose any of the \"Play\" commands from the \"View\" menu), "
	"you will hear the modified sound. By shift-clicking, you will hear "
	"the original sound.")
NORMAL ("To get the modified sound as a separate object, "
	"choose \"Publish resynthesis\" from the \"File\" menu.")
NORMAL ("If you modify the duration curve as well (see @@Intro 8.2. Manipulation of duration@), "
	"the modified sound will be based on the modified pitch and duration.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 8.2. Manipulation of duration", "ppgb", 20010512)
INTRO ("This @@Tutorials|tutorial@ describes how you can use the @@Praat program@ to "
	"modify the relative durations in an existing sound.")
NORMAL ("First, you select a @Sound object and click \"To Manipulation\". "
	"A @Manipulation object will then appear in the list. "
	"You can then click @Edit to raise a @ManipulationEditor, "
	"which will show an empty @DurationTier. "
	"You can add targets to this tier by choosing \"Add duration point at cursor\" "
	"from the \"Dur\" menu. The targets will show up as green dots, which you can easily drag "
	"about the duration area.")
NORMAL ("If you click any of the rectangles "
	"(or choose any of the @Play commands from the @View menu), "
	"you will hear the modified sound. By shift-clicking, you will hear "
	"the original sound.")
NORMAL ("To get the modified sound as a separate object, "
	"choose \"Publish resynthesis\" from the @File menu.")
NORMAL ("If you modify the pitch curve as well (see @@Intro 8.1. Manipulation of pitch@), "
	"the modified sound will be based on the modified duration and pitch.")
ENTRY ("Precise manipulation of duration")
NORMAL ("If you know exactly the times and relative durations, it is advisable to write a script (see @Scripting). "
	"Suppose, for instance, that you have a 355-ms piece of sound, and you want to shorten the first 85 ms to 70 ms, "
	"and the remaining 270 ms to 200 ms.")
NORMAL ("In your first 85 ms, your relative duration should be 70/85, "
	"and during the last 270 ms, it should be 200/270. "
	"The DurationTier does linear interpolation, so it can only be approximate these precise times, "
	"but fortunately to any precision you like:")
CODE ("Create DurationTier... shorten 0.085+0.270")
CODE ("Add point... 0.000 70/85")
CODE ("Add point... 0.084999 70/85")
CODE ("Add point... 0.085001 200/270")
CODE ("Add point... 0.0355 200/270")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 8.3. Manipulation of intensity", "ppgb", 20010414)
INTRO ("This @@Tutorials|tutorial@ describes how you can modify the intensity contour "
	"of an existing sound with the @@Praat program@.")
NORMAL ("While the pitch and duration of a sound can be modified with the @ManipulationEditor "
	"(see @@Intro 8.1. Manipulation of pitch@ and @@Intro 8.2. Manipulation of duration@), "
	"the modification of the intensity curve is done in a different way.")
NORMAL ("You can create an @IntensityTier with the command @@Create IntensityTier...@ "
	"from the @@New menu@. With @Edit, you can add points to this tier. "
	"You can then multiply this tier with a sound, by selecting the @Sound and the "
	"IntensityTier together and clicking @@Sound & IntensityTier: Multiply|Multiply@. "
	"The points in the IntensityTier thus represent %relative intensities in dB.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 8.4. Manipulation of formants", "ppgb", 20010408)
INTRO ("The manipulation of formant contours cannot be as straightforward as the manipulation "
	"of pitch, duration, or intensity contours. See the @@Source-filter synthesis@ tutorial "
	"for an explanation of how formants can be modified in Praat.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Intro 9. Voice pathology", "ppgb", 20020325)
INTRO ("Praat 4.0.11 introduced several measurements for jitter and shimmer. Extensive documentation will follow soon.")
ENTRY ("1. Jitter")
NORMAL ("You can measure jitter from a @PointProcess:")
LIST_ITEM ("1. get a @Sound (see @@Intro@ if you don't know how to do this);")
LIST_ITEM ("2. do a pitch analysis (@@Sound: To PointProcess (periodic)...@), by choosing "
	"\"To PointProcess (periodic)...\" from the Periodicity submenu. A new @PointProcess object will appear in the @@List of Objects@; "
	"this point process represents a sequence of time points, in this case the times associated with the pitch pulses.")
LIST_ITEM ("4. select Sound and PointProcess together, click Edit, and use the Query menu to get the jitter in the selected part. "
	"For the algorithm, see @@PointProcess: Get jitter...@.")
NORMAL ("The resulting jitter value is a fraction. For example, the value 0.01 signifies "
	"a jitter of one percent, which is on the verge of what speech pathologists would "
	"call pathological. Of course, you typically perform jitter measurements only on "
	"long sustained vowels; if necessary, cut away the first and last parts of the vowel "
	"before doing the pitch analysis. The RAP method is known from the literature; "
	"its value is approximately one third of the original Praat jitter measurement.")
ENTRY ("2. Shimmer")
NORMAL ("We have several shimmer measurements. Select a Sound and a PointProcess, then choose Edit and use the Query menu "
	"to get the shimmer in the selected part. "
	"Currently, the measurements are based on the root-mean-square amplitude, rather than on the peak-to-peak amplitude "
	"as in some other voice analysis programs. This will be modified soon.")
ENTRY ("3. Additive noise.")
NORMAL ("For a signal that can be assumed periodic (i.e., a sustained vowel), "
	"the signal-to-noise ratio equals the harmonics-to-noise ratio, which you get can get "
	"by selecting a Sound and choosing one of the \"To Harmonicity...\" commands from the Periodicity submenu "
	"(for the algorithm, see @@Sound: To Harmonicity (ac)...@ or @@Sound: To Harmonicity (cc)...@). "
	"These are the world's most sensitive HNR measurements (up to 90 dB). "
	"For more information, see the @Harmonicity manual page.")
MAN_END

/*
 * Who uses Praat?
 * phonetics
 * linguistics
 * speech pathology
 * psychology
 * bioacoustics: e.g.
hapalemur
crow
monkey
frog
tortelduif
insect
bird
grasshopper
cricket
alligator
crocodile
gecko
elephant
swallow, kippen
dolphin, humpback
[killer] whale
marine mammals
[electric] fish
sparrow
meerkat
[fruit] bat
lion
parrot, leghen
red deer
sperm whale
[bearded] seal
mouse, cracid
chacma baboon
* music
*/

MAN_BEGIN ("Labelling", "ppgb", 20010408)
INTRO ("See @@Intro 7. Annotation@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("List of Objects", "ppgb", 19981024)
INTRO ("A list in the left-hand part of the @@Object window@.")
ENTRY ("Purpose")
NORMAL ("If you select one or more @objects in this list, "
	"the possible actions that you can perform with the selected objects "
	"will appear in the @@Dynamic menu@.")
ENTRY ("How to select objects")
NORMAL ("To select one object (and deselect all the others), click on the object.")
NORMAL ("To extend the selection, drag the mouse (Unix, Windows) or use Shift-click (all systems).")
NORMAL ("To change the selection of one object (without changing the others), "
	"use Control-click (Unix, Windows) or Command-click (Macintosh).")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Look and feel", "ppgb", 19981221)
INTRO ("This page is about how you see the @@Praat shell@ and work with it in an interactive session.")
ENTRY ("The Praat shell on Macintosh^\\re")
NORMAL ("Most of the %look is Macintosh: rounded buttons, a menu bar at the top. "
	"Some of the look is Motif^\\tm: a menu bar in every window.")
NORMAL ("Most of the %feel is Macintosh: only one window active simultaneously.")
ENTRY ("The Praat shell on Windows^\\re 95 and NT")
NORMAL ("Most of the look and feel is Windows, though all windows are separate overlapping windows, "
	"instead of children of a large application window.")
ENTRY ("The Praat shell on the X Window system")
NORMAL ("From every computer with OSF/Motif, you can run the Praat shell on every X server in the world. "
	"If your program is %praat, you just type:")
CODE ("praat -motif")
NORMAL ("With this command, you will always get the same old Motif look and feel.")
NORMAL ("Many systems, however, have their own favoured look and feel. "
	"For this reason, the Praat shell recognizes several client computers: if you just type")
CODE ("praat")
NORMAL ("(or double-click on the %praat icon), "
	"the Praat shell assumes that the X server matches the client computer.")
NORMAL ("The following client computers are recognized: SGI, Sun, HP. On other computers (Linux, IBM RS6000), "
	"typing $praat will give the same look and feel as typing $$praat -motif$.")
ENTRY ("The Praat shell on SGI")
NORMAL ("On a Silicon Graphics^\\re Iris^\\tm computer, typing")
CODE ("praat")
NORMAL ("or double-clicking the %praat icon, will give you either of the following look-and-feel styles:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu the native SGI \"Indigo Magic\" style, with lighting buttons and user-controllable "
	"color schemes, if available;")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu the plain Motif style, if color schemes are not available (to find this out, "
	"the Praat shell checks the existence of the color-scheme browser %%/usr/sbin/schemebr% "
	"on the client side).")
NORMAL ("You can force the Praat shell to use the SGI style with")
CODE ("praat -sgi")
NORMAL ("or the Motif style with")
CODE ("praat -motif")
ENTRY ("The Praat shell on Sun")
NORMAL ("On a Sun computer, typing")
CODE ("praat")
NORMAL ("will give you the look and feel of Sun4, Solaris, or the Common Desktop Environment (CDE). "
	"These styles use non-standard fonts for their menus, buttons, and texts. Whether CDE is "
	"available, is determined by checking the existence of %%/usr/dt/bin/dtaction%.")
NORMAL ("You can force any of these styles with $$praat -solaris$, $$praat -sun4$, or $$praat -cde$.")
ENTRY ("The Praat shell on HP")
NORMAL ("On a Hewlett-Packard computer, typing")
CODE ("praat")
NORMAL ("will give you the look and feel of the HP version of the Common Desktop Environment. "
	"If you do not have that, try $$praat -motif$.")
ENTRY ("Running the Praat shell across a network")
NORMAL ("Like most X programs, you can run the Praat program across a network, "
	"with the executable running on the %client computer, "
	"and yourself sitting at a computer that acts as an %%X server%. For this to work, "
	"you will have to take care of two things:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Tell the client computer to use the server %display. If you use %telnet "
	"(but not %rlogin), this will be done automatically for you, because %telnet "
	"propagates the DISPLAY environment variable. "
	"Otherwise, if you are sitting at %%indigo3.uni-franeker.nl%, "
	"you type the following line to your remote login shell:")
CODE ("    setenv DISPLAY indigo3.uni-franeker.nl:0")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Your X server should grant the client computer access to its display. "
	"This may sometimes be automatic (e.g., if the server allows the whole world to connect to it). "
	"Otherwise, if the client is %%distant1.uni-harderwijk.nl%, you type the following line to your "
	"local shell:")
CODE ("    xhost +distant1.uni-harderwijk.nl")
NORMAL ("Finally, you type $$praat -motif$ to your remote login shell, "
	"and the two windows will appear on your screen.")
NORMAL ("If you run the Praat shell from an SGI client across a network on an X server "
	"(a PC or Sun, for example), "
	"the normal $praat command will probably work and give you the native SGI look and feel. "
	"This works because the SGI style only uses fonts that are available everywhere.")
NORMAL ("If your X server is a Sun with Solaris, you can probably use the Motif, and Solaris or CDE styles.")
NORMAL ("Likewise, if you run %praat from a different machine on a HP X server, you may try $$praat -hp$.")
NORMAL ("If you run %praat from a Sun client on an X server, you will probably use $$praat -motif$.")
ENTRY ("Resource files?")
NORMAL ("Many X Windows applications work with %%client-side% resource files, "
	"which describe the fonts etc. that they need. "
	"However, as the fonts are server-dependent, changing to a different X server "
	"will often require you to change the resource file %%on the client side%, "
	"unless you only use fonts that are available on all systems (like Helvetica and Times). "
	"However, your application may not adhere to any native look-and-feel strategy then. "
	"Incorporating all resource files into the application, as done in the Praat shell, "
	"solves this problem. Locally, you just type $praat, and across a network you use "
	"one of the explicit look-and-feel options.")
NORMAL ("In the Praat shell, the user-controllability of window sizes and fonts, "
	"which is sometimes expressed by editing resource files, "
	"is implemented by a hidden mechanism, which remembers across sessions "
	"the changes made by the user while the application is running.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Measuring jitter, noise, and shimmer", "ppgb", 20020325)
INTRO ("See @@Intro 9. Voice pathology@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("New menu", "ppgb", 20010408)
INTRO ("The ##New menu# is one of the menus in the @@Object window@. "
	"You use this menu to create new objects from scratch. It contains the following commands:")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Record Sound...@")
NORMAL ("To create new objects from files on disk, use the @@Read menu@ instead. "
	"Objects can also often be create from other objects, with commands that start with ##To#.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Object window", "ppgb", 19981107)
INTRO ("One of the two main windows that constitute the @@Praat shell@.")
ENTRY ("Subdivision")
LIST_ITEM ("To the left: the @@List of Objects@.")
LIST_ITEM ("To the right: the @@Dynamic menu@.")
ENTRY ("Fixed buttons")
NORMAL ("The following buttons appear below the List of Objects:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Rename...")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Info")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Copy...")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Remove")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Inspect")
ENTRY ("Menus")
LIST_ITEM ("The Object window contains several fixed menus: "
	"the #Control, #New, #Read, #Help, #Goodies, and #Preferences menus. "
	"It also contains the #Write menu, whose contents vary with the kinds of selected objects, "
	"and must, therefore, be considered part of the dynamic menu.")
ENTRY ("The `Control' menu")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (@@Run script...@)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@New script@: creates an empty @@ScriptEditor@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Open script...@: creates a @@ScriptEditor@ with a script from disk")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu ##Buttons...#: raises a @@ButtonEditor@")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (@@Add menu command...@)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (@@Add action command...@)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Quit")
ENTRY ("Other menus")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu The ##New menu#: for creating objects from scratch.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu The @@Read menu@: for reading objects from file into memory.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu The @@Write menu@: for writing objects from memory to file.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu The ##Help menu#: for viewing the manual.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu The ##Goodies menu#: for doing things (like using the Calculator) "
	"that do not create new objects and do not depend on the kinds of selected objects.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu The ##Preferences menu#: for program-wide preferences, "
	"like the print command, audio output strategies, or your licence text.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Objects", "ppgb", 19981024)
INTRO ("The things that contain the data in programs based on the @@Praat shell@.")
NORMAL ("The objects are visible in the @@List of Objects@ in the @@Object window@.")
NORMAL ("Most objects are contained in memory: they are %not files! "
	"Therefore, you may want to save them with one of the commands from the @@Write menu@ "
	"before you @Quit. "
	"Exceptions are the LongSound objects in the Praat program and the file-based dictionaries "
	"in the ALS program.")
NORMAL ("You can create an object by choosing a command from the ##New menu# "
	"or from the @@Read menu@.")
NORMAL ("When you select one or more objects, you can perform on them the actions that are shown "
	"in the @@dynamic menu@, on the ##fixed buttons# below the list of objects, "
	"or in the @@Write menu@. You can choose hidden actions with the help of the @ButtonEditor.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Periodicity submenu", "ppgb", 20010417)
INTRO ("A submenu that occurs in the @@Dynamic menu@ for a @Sound.")
NORMAL ("This submenu contains commands for analysing the pitch contour of the selected Sound:")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To Pitch...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To Pitch (ac)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To Pitch (cc)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To Harmonicity (cc)...")
LIST_ITEM ("@@Sound: To Harmonicity (ac)...")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Play", "ppgb", 20010512)
INTRO ("A command that is available if you select a @Sound, @Pitch, or @PointProcess object. "
	"It gives you an acoustic representation of the selected object, if your louspeakers are on "
	"and you did not \"mute\" you computer sound system.")
NORMAL ("A Play button is also available in the @SoundRecorder window "
	"and in the @View menu of the @SoundEditor or @TextGridEditor.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Praat program", "ppgb", 20010514)
INTRO ("A system for doing phonetics by computer. The computer program Praat "
	"is a research, publication, and productivity tool for phoneticians. With it, "
	"you can analyse, synthesize, and manipulate speech, "
	"and create high-quality pictures for your articles and thesis.")
NORMAL ("For a short introduction and tutorials, see @Intro.")
NORMAL ("Praat has been built within the general-purpose @@Praat shell@, "
	"which consists of an @@Object window@ and a @@Picture window@.")
ENTRY ("Phonetic objects")
NORMAL ("The phonetics library (version " PRAAT_VERSION ") contains the following classes and @Editors.")
NORMAL ("General-purpose classes:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Matrix: a sampled real-valued function of two variables")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Polygon")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @PointProcess: a point process (@PointEditor)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Sound: a sampled continuous process (@SoundEditor, @SoundRecorder, @@Sound files@)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @LongSound: a file-based version of a sound (@LongSoundEditor)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Virtual classes: @Function, @Sampled, @AnyTier, @AnyPoint, @RealTier, @RealPoint, @Proximity")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Strings")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Distributions, @PairDistribution")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @TableOfReal")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Sequence")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @ParamCurve")
NORMAL ("Periodicity analysis:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Tutorials:")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Intro 4. Pitch analysis")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Intro 6. Intensity analysis")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Measuring jitter, noise, and shimmer")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Pitch: articulatory fundamental frequency, acoustic periodicity, or perceptual pitch (@PitchEditor)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Harmonicity: degree of periodicity")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Intensity, @IntensityTier: intensity contour")
NORMAL ("Spectral analysis:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Tutorials:")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Intro 2.3. Spectrum")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Intro 3. Spectrograms")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Intro 5. Formant analysis")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Spectrum: complex-valued equally spaced frequency spectrum (@SpectrumEditor)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Ltas: long-term average spectrum")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Spectro-temporal: @Spectrogram, @BarkFilter, @MelFilter, @FormantFilter")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Formant: acoustic formant contours")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @LPC: coefficients of Linear Predictive Coding, as a function of time")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Wavelet: wavelet transform")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Cepstrum, @CC, @LFCC, @MFCC (cepstral coefficients)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Excitation: excitation pattern of basilar membrane")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Excitations: an ensemble of #Excitation objects")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Cochleagram: excitation pattern as a function of time")
NORMAL ("Labelling and segmentation (see @@Intro 7. Annotation@):")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @TextGrid (@TextGridEditor), @IntervalTier, @TextTier (@TextPoint)")
NORMAL ("Manipulation of sound:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu Tutorials:")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Intro 8.1. Manipulation of pitch")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Intro 8.2. Manipulation of duration")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Intro 8.3. Manipulation of intensity")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Filtering")
LIST_ITEM1 ("\\bu @@Source-filter synthesis")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @PitchTier (@PitchTierEditor)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Manipulation (@ManipulationEditor): @PSOLA")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @DurationTier")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @FormantTier")
NORMAL ("Articulatory synthesis (see the @@Articulatory synthesis@ tutorial):")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Speaker: speaker characteristics of a woman, a man, or a child")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu #Articulation: snapshot of articulatory specifications (muscle activities)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Artword: articulatory target specifications as functions of time")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu (@VocalTract: area function)")
NORMAL ("Neural net package:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @FFNet: feed-forward neural net")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Pattern")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Categories: for classification (#CategoriesEditor)")
NORMAL ("Numerical and statistical analysis:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Eigen: eigenvectors and eigenvalues")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Polynomial, @Roots, @ChebyshevSeries, @LegendreSeries, @ISpline, @MSpline")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Covariance: covariance matrix")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Confusion: confusion matrix")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Discriminant analysis@: @Discriminant")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Principal component analysis@: @PCA")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Correlation, @ClassificationTable, @SSCP")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @DTW: dynamic time warping")
NORMAL ("@@Multidimensional scaling@:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @Configuration (@Salience)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Kruskal analysis@: @Dissimilarity (@Weight), @Similarity")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@INDSCAL analysis@: @Distance, @ScalarProduct")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Correspondence analysis@: @ContingencyTable")
NORMAL ("Optimality-theoretic learning (see the @@OT learning@ tutorial)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @OTGrammar (@OTGrammarEditor)")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @OTAnyGrammar (@OTAnyGrammarEditor): @OTGrammar_tongueRoot")
NORMAL ("Bureaucracy")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @WordList, @SpellingChecker")
ENTRY ("The authors")
NORMAL ("The Praat program is maintained by Paul Boersma and David Weenink of "
	"the Institute of Phonetics Sciences of the University of Amsterdam. "
	"Its home page is ##http://www.praat.org# or ##http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/#.")
NORMAL ("For questions and suggestions, mail to the Praat discussion list, "
	"which is reachable from the Praat home page, or directly to ##paul.boersma\\@ hum.uva.nl#.@@@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Praat shell", "ppgb", 20000929)
INTRO ("The Praat shell consists of two fixed windows. With the @@Object window@, you manage your data, "
	"and with the @@Picture window@, you create publication-quality graphics.")
NORMAL ("You can use the Praat shell with any world that you can model with @objects.")
NORMAL ("You can work interactively or from batch (see @scripting). "
	"Instead of running the Praat shell as a program, you can also link it into "
	"your own programs (search for \"programming\"). To send messages to "
	"a running program that uses the Praat shell, use @sendpraat.")
NORMAL ("To create your own @manual with interactive sound, use @ManPages.")
ENTRY ("Systems")
NORMAL ("The Praat shell runs on ##Macintosh#, ##Unix#, and ##Windows systems.")
ENTRY ("User interface")
NORMAL ("The graphical user interface uses the Motif widget set, "
	"with native @@look and feel@ on Indigo, Macintosh, Solaris, HP, and Windows "
	"(the Linux version shows a generic kind of Motif).")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Query menu", "ppgb", 20010417)
INTRO ("One of the menus in most @editors.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Quit", "ppgb", 19970911)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the `Control' menu of the @@Object window@.")
ENTRY ("Purpose")
NORMAL ("To leave the program.")
ENTRY ("Behaviour")
NORMAL ("All @objects not written to a file will be lost. "
	"However, file-based objects (like large lexica) will be saved correctly.")
ENTRY ("Usage")
NORMAL ("To save your data to a disk file before quitting, choose a command from the @@Write menu@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Read from file...", "ppgb", 19970911)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @@Read menu@.")
ENTRY ("Purpose")
NORMAL ("To read one or more @objects from a file on disk.")
ENTRY ("Behaviour")
NORMAL ("Many kinds of files are recognized:")
LIST_ITEM ("1. Text files that are structured as described under @@Write to text file...@; "
	"these can contain an object of any class, or a collection of objects.")
LIST_ITEM ("2. Files that were produced by @@Write to binary file...@ (any class).")
LIST_ITEM ("3. Files in a LISP text format (only for classes that can be written to a LISP file).")
LIST_ITEM ("4. Files that were made recognizable by the libraries built on Praat. "
	"For instance, the phonetics library adds recognizers for many kinds of sound files.")
NORMAL ("If the file contains more than one object, these objects will appear in the list, "
	"and their names will be the same as the names that they had "
	"when they were saved with ##Write to text file...# or ##Write to binary file...#.")
ENTRY ("Examples")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu If the file contains only one Pitch object and is called \"hallo.pit\", "
	"an object with the name \"Pitch hallo\" will appear in the list of objects. "
	"You may have more objects with the same name.")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu If the file contains one object of class Pitch, named \"hallo\", "
	"and one object of class Polygon, named \"kromme\", "
	"there will appear two objects in the list, "
	"called \"Pitch hallo\" and \"Polygon kromme\".")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Read menu", "ppgb", 19970911)
INTRO ("One of the menus in the @@Object window@.")
NORMAL ("With the Read menu, you read one or more @objects from a file on disk into memory. "
	"The resulting object(s) will appear in the @@List of Objects@.")
NORMAL ("The Read menu contains the command @@Read from file...@, which recognizes most file types, "
"and perhaps several other commands for reading unrecognizable file types (e.g., raw sound data), "
"or for interpreting known file types in a different way "
"(e.g., reading two sounds from a stereo sound file, which is normally read as mono):")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Remove", "ppgb", 19970911)
INTRO ("One of the fixed buttons in the @@Object window@.")
NORMAL ("You can choose this command after selecting one or more @objects in the list.")
NORMAL ("The selected objects will permanently disappear from the list, "
	"and the computer memory that they occupied will be freed.")
NORMAL ("If you want to save your data, choose a command from the @@Write menu@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Rename...", "ppgb", 19960904)
INTRO ("One of the fixed buttons in the @@Object window@.")
ENTRY ("Availability")
NORMAL ("You can choose this command after selecting one object of any class.")
ENTRY ("Purpose")
NORMAL ("You can give the selected object a new name.")
ENTRY ("Behaviour")
NORMAL ("If you type special symbols or spaces, the Object window will replace them with underscores.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Resource fork", "ppgb", 19970527)
INTRO ("One of the two %forks of a Macintosh file (the other is the %%data fork%). "
	"If a Macintosh file is moved to another system, the resource fork is lost, "
	"unless you transfer the file in the %MacBinary format.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Segmentation", "ppgb", 20010408)
INTRO ("See @@Intro 7. Annotation@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Show formant", "ppgb", 20010512)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @View menu of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("See @@Intro 5. Formant analysis|Formant analysis@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Show intensity", "ppgb", 20010512)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @View menu of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("See @@Intro 6. Intensity analysis|Intensity analysis@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Show pitch", "ppgb", 20010512)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @View menu of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("See @@Intro 4. Pitch analysis|Pitch analysis@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Show spectrogram", "ppgb", 20010512)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @View menu of the @SoundEditor and the @TextGridEditor.")
NORMAL ("See @@Intro 3. Spectrograms|Spectrograms@")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Source-filter synthesis", "ppgb", 20010330)
INTRO ("This tutorial describes how you can do acoustic synthesis with the @@Praat program@.")
ENTRY ("1. The source-filter theory of speech production")
NORMAL ("The source-filter theory hypothesizes that an acoustic speech signal can be seen "
	"as a %source signal (the glottal source, or noise generated at a constriction in the vocal tract), "
	"%filtered with the resonances in the cavities of the vocal tract downstream from the glottis "
	"or the constriction.")
NORMAL ("In the Praat program, you can create a %source signal from an existing "
	"speech signal or from scratch, and you can extract a %filter from an existing speech signal "
	"or from scratch. You can manipulate (change, adapt) both the source and the filter before doing "
	"the actual synthesis, which combines the two.")
ENTRY ("2. How to extract the %filter from an existing speech sound")
NORMAL ("You can separate source and filter with the help of the technique of %%linear prediction% "
	"(see @@Sound: LPC analysis@). This technique tries to approximate a given frequency spectrum with "
	"a small number of peaks, for which it finds the mid frequencies and the bandwidths. "
	"If we do this for an overlapping sequence of windowed parts of a sound signal "
	"(i.e. a %%short-term analysis%), we get a quasi-stationary approximation of the signal's "
	"spectral characteristics as a function of time, i.e. a smoothed version of the @Spectrogram.")
NORMAL ("For a speech signal, the peaks are identified with the resonances (%formants) of the vocal tract. "
	"Since the spectrum of a vowel spoken by an average human being falls off with approximately "
	"6 dB per octave, %%pre-emphasis% is applied to the signal before the linear-prediction analysis, "
	"so that the algorithm will not try to match only the lower parts of the spectrum.")
NORMAL ("For an average (i.e. adult female) human voice, tradition assumes five formants in the range "
	"between 0 and 5500 Hertz. This number comes from a computation of the formants of a "
	"straight tube, which has resonances at wavelengths of four tube lengths, four thirds of a tube length, "
	"four fifths, and so on. For a straight tube 16 centimetres long, the shortest wavelength is 64 cm, "
	"which, with a sound velocity of 352 m/s, means a resonance frequency of 352/0.64 = 550 Hertz. "
	"The other resonances will be at 1650, 2750, 3850, and 4950 Hertz. For the linear prediction in "
	"Praat, you will have to implement this 5500-Hz band-limiting by resampling the original "
	"speech signal to 11 kHz. For a male voice, you would use 10 kHz; for a young child, 20 kHz.")
NORMAL ("To perform the resampling, you use @@Sound: Resample...@: "
	"you select a @Sound object, and click ##Resample...#. "
	"In the rest of this tutorial, I will use the syntax that you would use in a script, "
	"though you will usually do these things by clicking on objects and buttons. Thus:")
CODE ("#select Sound hallo")
CODE ("Resample... 11000 50")
NORMAL ("You can then perform a linear-prediction analysis on the resampled sound "
	"with @@Sound: To LPC (burg)...@:")
CODE ("#select Sound hallo_11000")
CODE ("To LPC (burg)... 10 0.025 0.005 50")
NORMAL ("This says that your analysis is done with 10 linear-prediction parameters "
	"(which will yield at most five formant-bandwidth pairs), with an analysis window "
	"effectively 25 milliseconds long, with time steps of 5 milliseconds (so that the windows "
	"will appreciably overlap), and with a pre-emphasis frequency of 50 Hz (which is the point "
	"above which the sound will be amplified by 6 dB/octave prior to the analysis proper).")
NORMAL ("As a result, an object called \"LPC hallo\" will appear in the list of objects. "
	"This @LPC object is a time function with 10 %%linear-prediction coefficients% in each %%time frame%. "
	"These coefficients are rather opaque even to the expert (try to view them with @Inspect), "
	"but they are the raw material from which formant and bandwidth values can be computed. "
	"To see the smoothed @Spectrogram associated with the LPC object, choose @@LPC: To Spectrogram...@:")
CODE ("#select LPC hallo_11000")
CODE ("To Spectrogram... 20 0 50")
CODE ("Paint... 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 yes")
NORMAL ("Note that when drawing this Spectrogram, you will want to set the pre-emphasis to zero "
	"(the fifth 0 in the last line), because pre-emphasis has already been applied in the analysis.")
NORMAL ("You can get and draw the formant-bandwidth pairs from the LPC object, "
	"with @@LPC: To Formant@ and @@Formant: Speckle...@:")
CODE ("#select LPC hallo_11000")
CODE ("To Formant")
CODE ("Speckle... 0 0 5500 30 yes")
NORMAL ("Note that in converting the @LPC into a @Formant object, you may have lost some "
	"information about spectral peaks at very low frequencies (below 50 Hz) or at very high "
	"frequencies (near the @@Nyquist frequency@ of 5500 Hz. Such peaks usually try to fit "
	"an overall spectral slope (if the 6 dB/octave model is inappropriate), and are not seen "
	"as related with resonances in the vocal tract, so they are ignored in a formant analysis. "
	"For resynthesis purposes, they might still be important.")
NORMAL ("Instead of using the intermediate LPC object, you could have done a formant analysis "
	"directly on the resampled Sound, with @@Sound: To Formant (burg)...@:")
CODE ("#select Sound hallo")
CODE ("Resample... 11000 50")
CODE ("To Formant (burg)... 0.005 5 0.025 50")
NORMAL ("A @Formant object has a fixed sampling (time step, frame length), and for every "
	"%%formant frame%, it contains a number of formant-bandwidth pairs.")
NORMAL ("From a Formant object, you can create a @FormantTier with @@Formant: Down to FormantTier@. "
	"A FormantTier object contains a number of time-stamped %%formant points%, "
	"each with a number of formant-bandwidth pairs.")
NORMAL ("Any of these three classes (@LPC, @Formant, and @FormantTier) can represent the %filter "
	"in source-filter synthesis.")
ENTRY ("3. How to extract the %source from an existing speech sound")
NORMAL ("If you are only interested in the %filter characteristics, you can get by with @Formant objects. "
	"To get at the %source signal, however, you need the raw @LPC object: "
	"you select it together with the resampled @Sound, and apply %%inverse filtering%:")
CODE ("#select Sound hallo_11000")
CODE ("#plus LPC hallo_11000")
CODE ("Filter (inverse)")
NORMAL ("A new Sound named \"hallo_11000\" will appear in the list of objects "
	"(you could rename it to \"source\"). "
	"This is the estimated source signal. Since the LPC analysis was designed to yield a spectrally "
	"flat filter (through the use of pre-emphasis), this source signal represents everything in the "
	"speech signal that cannot be attributed to the resonating cavities. Thus, the \"source signal\" "
	"will consist of the glottal volume-velocity source (with an expected spectral slope of "
	"-12 dB/octave for vowels) and the radiation characteristics at the lips, which cause a "
	"6 dB/octave spectral rise, so that the resulting spectrum of the \"source signal\" "
	"is actually the %derivative of the glottal flow, with an expected spectral slope of -6 dB/octave.")
NORMAL ("Note that with inverse filtering you cannot measure the actual spectral slope of the source signal. "
	"Even if the actual slope is very different from -6 dB/octave, formant extraction will try to "
	"match the pre-emphasized spectrum. Thus, by choosing a pre-emhasis of -6 dB/octave, "
	"you %impose a slope of -6 dB/octave on the source signal.")
ENTRY ("4. How to do the synthesis")
NORMAL ("You can create a new Sound from a source Sound and a filter, in at least four ways.")
NORMAL ("If your filter is an @LPC object, you select it and the source, and choose @@LPC & Sound: Filter...@:")
CODE ("#select Sound source")
CODE ("#plus LPC filter")
CODE ("Filter... no")
NORMAL ("If you had computed the source and filter from an LPC analysis, this procedure should give "
	"you back the original Sound, except that windowing has caused 25 milliseconds at the beginning "
	"and end of the signal to be set to zero.")
NORMAL ("If your filter is a @Formant object, you select it and the source, and choose @@Sound & Formant: Filter@:")
CODE ("#select Sound source")
CODE ("#plus Formant filter")
CODE ("Filter")
NORMAL ("If you had computed the source and filter from an LPC analysis, this procedure will not generally give "
	"you back the original Sound, because some linear-prediction coefficients will have been ignored "
	"in the conversion to formant-bandwidth pairs.")
NORMAL ("If your filter is a @FormantTier object, you select it and the source, and choose @@Sound & FormantTier: Filter@:")
CODE ("#select Sound source")
CODE ("#plus FormantTier filter")
CODE ("Filter")
NORMAL ("Finally, you could just know the %%impulse response% of your filter (in a @Sound object). "
	"You then select both Sound objects, and choose @@Sounds: Convolve@:")
CODE ("#select Sound source")
CODE ("#plus Sound filter")
CODE ("Convolve")
ENTRY ("5. How to manipulate the filter")
NORMAL ("You can hardly change the values in an @LPC object in a meaningful way: "
	"you would have to manually change its rather opaque data with the help of @Inspect.")
NORMAL ("A @Formant object can be changed in a friendlier way, with @@Formant: Formula (frequencies)...@ "
	"and @@Formant: Formula (bandwidths)...@. For instance, to multiply all formant frequencies by 0.9, "
	"you do")
CODE ("#select Formant filter")
CODE ("Formula (frequencies)... self * 0.9")
NORMAL ("To add 200 Hertz to all values of %F__2_, you do")
CODE ("Formula (frequencies)... if row = 2 then self + 200 else self fi")
NORMAL ("A @FormantTier object can be changed by adding or removing points:")
LIST_ITEM ("@@FormantTier: Add point...@")
LIST_ITEM ("@@AnyTier: Remove point...@")
LIST_ITEM ("@@AnyTier: Remove point near...@")
LIST_ITEM ("@@AnyTier: Remove points between...@")
ENTRY ("6. How to manipulate the source signal")
NORMAL ("You can manipulate the source signal in the same way you that would manipulate any sound, "
	"for instance with the @ManipulationEditor.")
ENTRY ("7. How to create a filter from scratch")
NORMAL ("You can create a @FormantTier object with @@Create FormantTier...@, "
	"and add some points to it with @@FormantTier: Add point...@:")
CODE ("Create FormantTier... filter 0 0.5")
CODE ("Add point... 0.00 100 50 500 100 2500 200 3600 300 4700 400")
CODE ("Add point... 0.05 700 50 1100 100 2500 200 3600 300 4700 400")
NORMAL ("This creates a spectral specification whose %F__1_ rises from 100 to 700 Hertz during the "
	"first 50 milliseconds (as for any obstruent), and whose %F__2_ rises from 500 to 1100 Hertz. "
	"This may be a [ba]-like formant transition.")
ENTRY ("8. How to create a source signal from scratch")
NORMAL ("It is easy to create a pulse train: use @@Create PitchTier...@ and @@PitchTier: Add point...@, "
	"for instance:")
CODE ("Create PitchTier... filter 0 0.5")
CODE ("Add point... 0 300")
CODE ("Add point... 0.5 200")
NORMAL ("The resulting @PitchTier falls linearly from 300 to 200 Hz during its time domain.")
NORMAL ("Form this PitchTier, you can create a @PointProcess with @@PitchTier: To PointProcess@. "
	"The resulting PointProcess can represent a series of glottal pulses. To make some parts of this "
	"point process voiceless, you can use @@PointProcess: Remove points between...@.")
NORMAL ("To create the pulse-train source signal, you use @@PointProcess: To Sound (pulse train)...@.")
NORMAL ("You are then ready to create the acoustic result with @@Sound & FormantTier: Filter@.")
NORMAL ("The resulting sound will have fairly straight intensity contour. You can change it with "
	"the #Formula command (@@Matrix: Formula...@), or by multiplying the source signal or the "
	"acoustic result with an @Intensity or @IntensityTier object. To get the spectral slope at -6 dB/octave, "
	"yopu may need to use @@Sound: De-emphasize...@.")
ENTRY ("9. Example: a ba-da continuum")
NORMAL ("We are going to create a [ba]-[da] continuum in ten steps. The acoustic difference "
	"between [ba] and [da] is the initial %F__2_, which is 500 Hz for [ba], and 2500 Hz for [da].")
NORMAL ("We use the same @PitchTier throughout, to model a falling intonation contour:")
CODE ("Create PitchTier... f0 0.00 0.50")
CODE ("Add point... 0.00 300")
CODE ("Add point... 0.50 200")
NORMAL ("The first and last 50 milliseconds are voiceless:")
CODE ("To PointProcess")
CODE ("Remove points between... 0.00 0.05")
CODE ("Remove points between... 0.45 0.50")
NORMAL ("Generate the pulse train:")
CODE ("To Sound (pulse train)... 22050 1 0.05 300")
NORMAL ("During the labial or coronal closure, the sound is almost silent, so we use an @IntensityTier "
	"that models this:")
CODE ("Create IntensityTier... intens 0.00 0.50")
CODE ("Add point... 0.05 60")
CODE ("Add point... 0.10 80")
NORMAL ("Generate the source signal:")
CODE ("#plus Sound f0")
CODE ("Multiply")
CODE ("Rename... source")
NORMAL ("The filters will be spectrally flat, and the source is also spectrally flat, "
	"so in order to end up with a natural spectral slope of -6 dB/octave, we de-emphasize the source signal:")
CODE ("De-emphasize... 50")
NORMAL ("The ten sounds are generated in a loop:")
CODE ("#for i #from 1 #to 10")
CODE ("   f2_locus = 500 + (2500/9) * (i - 1) ; variable names start with lower case!")
CODE ("   Create FormantTier... filter 0.00 0.50")
CODE ("   Add point... 0.05   100 50 'f2_locus' 100")
CODE ("      ... 3000 300 4000 400 5000 500")
CODE ("   Add point... 0.10   700 50 1100 100")
CODE ("      ... 3000 300 4000 400 5000 500")
CODE ("   #plus Sound source")
CODE ("   Filter (no scale)")
CODE ("   Rename... bada'i'")
CODE ("   #select FormantTier filter")
CODE ("   Remove")
CODE ("#endfor")
NORMAL ("Clean up:")
CODE ("#select Sound source")
CODE ("#plus Sound f0")
CODE ("#plus IntensityTier intens")
CODE ("#plus PointProcess f0")
CODE ("#plus PitchTier f0")
CODE ("Remove")
NORMAL ("In this example, filtering was done without automatic scaling, so that "
	"the resulting signals have equal intensities in the areas where they have "
	"equal formants. You will probably want to multiply all these signals with "
	"the same value in order to bring their amplitudes in a suitable range "
	"between -1 and +1 Pascal.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Tutorials", "ppgb", 20010514)
INTRO ("See @Intro.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("View", "ppgb", 20010512)
INTRO ("One of the menus in several @editors and in the @manual.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Write menu", "ppgb", 19970911)
INTRO ("One of the menus in the @@Object window@.")
ENTRY ("Purpose")
NORMAL ("With the Write menu, you write one or more selected @objects from memory to a file on disk. "
	"The data can be read in again with one of the commands in the @@Read menu@ "
	"(most often simply with @@Read from file...@).")
ENTRY ("Usage: save your work")
NORMAL ("You will often choose a command from this menu just before clicking the @Remove button "
	"or choosing the @Quit command.")
ENTRY ("Fixed commands")
NORMAL ("If no object is selected, the Write menu is empty. "
	"If any object is selected, it will at least contain the following commands:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Write to console")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Write to text file...")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu ##Write to short text file...")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu @@Write to binary file...")
ENTRY ("Dynamic commands")
NORMAL ("Depending on the class of the selected object, the following commands may be available "
	"in the Write menu:")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Write to binary file...", "ppgb", 19970911)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @@Write menu@.")
ENTRY ("Availability")
NORMAL ("You can choose this command after selecting one or more @objects.")
ENTRY ("Behaviour")
NORMAL ("The Object window will ask you for a file name. "
	"After you click OK, the objects will be written to a binary file on disk.")
ENTRY ("Usage")
NORMAL ("The file can be read again with @@Read from file...@.")
ENTRY ("File format")
NORMAL ("These files are in a device-independent binary format, "
	"and can be written and read on any machine.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Write to console", "ppgb", 19960904)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @@Write menu@.")
NORMAL ("You can choose this command after selecting one object. "
	"The data that it contains, is written to the Console window, "
	"in the same format as with the @@Write to text file...@ command, "
	"except for the first line, which reads something like:")
CODE ("Write to console: class Sound,  \"name hallo\"")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Write to short text file...", "ppgb", 19981124)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @@Write menu@.")
ENTRY ("Availability")
NORMAL ("You can choose this command after selecting one or more @objects.")
ENTRY ("Behaviour")
NORMAL ("The Object window will ask you for a file name. "
	"After you click OK, the objects will be written to a text file on disk.")
ENTRY ("File format")
NORMAL ("The format is much shorter than the one described at @@Write to text file...@. "
	"Most of the comments are gone, and there is normally one piece of data per line.")
NORMAL ("The file can be read again with the all-purpose @@Read from file...@.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Write to text file...", "ppgb", 19970911)
INTRO ("One of the commands in the @@Write menu@.")
ENTRY ("Availability")
NORMAL ("You can choose this command after selecting one or more @objects.")
ENTRY ("Behaviour")
NORMAL ("The Object window will ask you for a file name. "
	"After you click OK, the objects will be written to a text file on disk.")
ENTRY ("File format")
NORMAL ("The format is the same as used by @@Write to console@, "
	"except for the first two lines:")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu if you selected a single object, e.g., of class Pitch, "
	"the file will start with the lines:")
CODE ("File type = \"ooTextFile\"")
CODE ("Class = \"Pitch\"")
LIST_ITEM ("\\bu if you selected more than one object, e.g., `Pitch hallo' and `Polygon kromme', "
	"the file will look like:")
CODE ("File type = \"ooTextFile\"")
CODE ("Class = \"Collection\"")
CODE ("size = 2")
CODE ("item []:")
CODE ("    item [1]:")
CODE ("        class = \"Pitch\"")
CODE ("        name = \"hallo\"")
CODE ("        (pitch data...)")
CODE ("    item [2]:")
CODE ("        class = \"Polygon\"")
CODE ("        name = \"kromme\"")
CODE ("        (polygon data...)")
NORMAL ("The file can be read again with @@Read from file...@, "
	"which, by the way, does not need the verbosity of the above example. "
	"The following minimal format will also be read correctly:")
CODE ("\"ooTextFile\"")
CODE ("\"Collection\"  2")
CODE ("\"Pitch\"  \"hallo\"  (pitch data...)")
CODE ("\"Polygon\"  \"kromme\"  (polygon data...)")
NORMAL ("Thus, all text that is not a free-standing number and is not enclosed in double quotes or < >, "
	"is considered a comment, as is all text following an exclamation mark (`!') on the same line.")
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Data_readFromFile", "ppgb", 19960904)
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Data_recognizeFileType", "ppgb", 19960904)
MAN_END

MAN_BEGIN ("Numerics library", "ppgb", 20010410)
MAN_END
}

/*
> I would like to be able to extract the duration
> and pitch measurements of several words in each utterance

# A Sound and a TextGrid have to be selected first.
textgrid = selected ("TextGrid")
sound = selected ("Sound")
select 'sound'
To Pitch... 0.001 75 600
pitch = selected ("Pitch")
select 'textgrid'
numberOfIntervals = Get number of intervals... 1
filedelete out.txt
for interval to numberOfIntervals
   select 'textgrid'
   tmin = Get starting point... 1 interval
   tmax = Get end point... 1 interval
   duration = tmax - tmin
   select 'pitch'
   f0 = Get quantile... tmin tmax 0.50 Hertz
   fileappend out.txt 'duration:6' 'f0:3''newline$'
endfor
0.225953 377.677
0.170586 376.039
0.328049 376.521
0.275413 378.538
*/

/*
echo Band powers:
binWidth = Get bin width
approximateDuration = 1 / binWidth
call band 125 160
call band 160 200
call band 200 250
call band 5000 6300

procedure band fmin fmax
   bandEnergy = Get band energy... fmin fmax
   rmsPressure_Pascal = sqrt (bandEnergy / approximateDuration)
   intensity_dB = 20 * log10 (rmsPressure_Pascal / 2e-5)
   printline 'fmin'...'fmax': 'intensity_dB:2' dB
endproc
*/

/* drawing overwrites until Erase all */
/* pitch in readable format */

/* End of file manual_tutorials.c */
