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The Praat program is a tool for phonetics research and can be downloaded for free from praat.org.
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Paul Boersma & David Weenink (2009): Praat: doing phonetics by computer (Version 5.1.05) [Computer program]. Retrieved May 1, 2009, from http://www.praat.org/ |
At least, that is the style required by the American Psychological Association. The journal that you publish in may require a different style. If the journal does not allow you to cite a computer program, you can cite the following instead:
| 2001 | Praat, a system for doing phonetics by computer. Glot International 5(9/10): 341-345. (These pages include a review by Vincent van Heuven.) |
The following article describes Praat's pitch extraction and HNR algorithms:
| 1993 | Accurate short-term analysis of the fundamental frequency and the harmonics-to-noise ratio of a sampled sound. IFA Proceedings 17: 97-110. The world's most accurate pitch-extraction algorithm: measures F0 with an accuracy of 10-6, and HNR values up to 60 dB. |
The following article evaluates Praat's jitter, shimmer, and HNR algorithms:
| 2004 |
Stemmen meten met Praat (measuring voices with Praat). Stem-, Spraak- en Taalpathologie 12: 237-251. Preprint: 2004/12/23, 13 pages. |
Here is an English version (of the jitter part):
| 2009 |
Should jitter be measured by peak picking or by waveform matching? Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 61: 305-308. Preprint: 2009/03/02, 6 pages. |
The following article describes Praat's pitch-corrected LTAS algorithm:
| 2006 | Paul Boersma
& Gordana Kovacic: Spectral characteristics of three styles of Croatian folk singing. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 119: 1805-1816. [licence] |
The following article describes a method for improving formant measurements by adapting the ceiling:
| 2009 | Paola Escudero, Paul Boersma, Andréia Schurt Rauber & Ricardo Bion: A cross-dialect acoustic description of vowels: Brazilian and European Portuguese. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 126: 1379-1393. [licence] |
Here is an example of scripting in Praat, applied to Ton Wempe's pitch-independent spectral analysis:
Praat's articulatory synthesizer is described in chapters 2, 3, and 5 of Functional Phonology (1998). For historical completeness, here are two earlier papers:
| 1995/08 | Interaction between glottal and vocal-tract aerodynamics in a comprehensive model of the speech apparatus. Proceedings of the XIIIth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Stockholm, vol. 2, pp. 430-433. [Abstract] |
| 1993/05 | An articulatory synthesizer for the simulation of consonants. Proceedings Eurospeech '93, Berlin, pp. 1907-1910. [Abstract] |
The best way to consult the Praat manual is to look under Help in the Praat program. That gives you the newest version of the manual, and a search option. For historical completeness, here are some published versions of (parts of) the manual:
Go to Paul Boersma's home page.